Hyponymy 上下义关系：Inclusiveness包容性 Cf.: chair and furniture, rose and flower 等级反义关系：对一组词的肯定并不意味着对另一组词的肯定 互补反义关系：对一组词的肯定意味着对另一组词的否定 关系反义关系：一组词的存在意味着另一组词的存在 Chapter 7 Motivation 词的理据 22. Conventionality and Motivation
the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary.
声音和意义之间的关系是传统的和任意的。 Conventionality（约定俗成）
What’s in a name? That we call a rose. By any other name would smell as sweet. Words have no meaning, people have meaning for them.
树---Chinese 木---Japanese arbre---French baun---Germany
the great majority of English words are non-motivated 绝大多数的英语单词都非动机 Examples of motivation The pigeon coos.
airmail, miniskirt, hopeless He has a stony heart.
The question was like the Sphinx’s riddle to them. 23. Motivation（理据）：Motivation deals with the connection between word-symbol and its meaning. It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning.
词的理据指的是事物和现象获得名称的依据，说明词义和事物命名之间的关系。 Types of motivation：Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据 Morphological motivation 形态理据 Semantic motivation 语义理据 Motivation and Culture 文化理据
Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）means defining the principle of motivation by sound. Onomatopoeia is also termed as “echoism”. 意味着定义原则的动机的声音。也称为“形声”。 实例：The cats mew. The lions roar. The snakes hiss. The wolves howl. The cows moo. Morphological motivation(形态理据）：
Derivational words are morphologically motivated. 派生单词 Compounds words may be morphologically motivated too. 混合单词
the component parts of these words are themselves conventional. 语素
Semantic motivation （语义理据）the literal sense and figurative sense 字面意义和比喻意义
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It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.
Types of semantic motivation：Metaphor 隐喻 Metonymy 借代 Synecdoche 提喻 Analogy 类比 Metaphor(隐喻）：The world is a stage. A sea of troubles.
Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Metonymy(借代)： He is too fond of bottles. The hall applauded. I have never read Li Bai. He ate another bowl. The pen is mightier than the sword.
Synecdoche(提喻)：There are about 500 hands working in this factory. This newspaper—and probably the country—will wait its time and see how the new faces perform before judging them. He is a clever creature .
Young people should have more respect for grey hairs. Analogy(类比)：Number: the First World---the Second World, the Third world, the Fourth World Color: black list---white list; blue-color workers---white-collar workers, gray-collar workers, pink-collar workers, and gold-collar workers
Place and space: landscape---moonscape, marscape; sunrise---earthrise; spaceman---earthman, moonman
Antonym: hot line---cold line; baby boom---baby bust; nightmare---daymare; cold-war---hot war; high-rise---low-rise
Motivation and Culture(文化理据)：Odyssey: a long, adventurous journey 奥德赛
forbidden fruit:: sth. alluring but prohibited because of terrible consequences 禁果
Sphinx: A puzzling or mysterious person or thing. Eg. a Sphinx’s riddle: a puzzling, mysterious question, problem. 斯芬克斯
Judas: One who betrays another under the guise of friendship. Judas kiss: a malicious intention under the guise of intimacy and friendship 犹大
守口如瓶：as dump as an oyster;as silent as the grave; as close as wax
如雨后春笋：spring up like a mushroom 力大如牛：as strong as a horse 如热锅上的蚂蚁：like a cat on hot bricks 胆小如鼠：As timid as a rabbit 覆水难收：It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
Chapter 6 Word-Formation I: The Major Processes 构词法：主要构词法 24. The three major processes：affixation or derivation (30%) 派生法 Prefixation 前缀 Suffixation 后缀 conversion (26%) 转化法
composition or compounding (27%) 复合法 25. Prefixation 前缀发
Prefixes do not generally change the word-class 前缀通常不改变词性
Non-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair 不改变词性的前缀 Class-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, antiwar 改变词性的前缀 The classification of prefixes：10种前缀 (1). Negative prefixes 否定前缀
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Order：Disorder Literate：Illiterate Symmetry：Asymmetry
