实例：dehumanization:four morphemes de-、human、-ize、-ation
nation: one morpheme nation-al : two morphemes nation-al-ize: three morphemes de-nation-al-ize: four morphemes
15. Root词根：Root is the basic form of a word that expressed its essential meaning, a meaning that never changes 根是一个词的基本形式,表达了其本质的意思,一个意思,从未改变 root is the primary element of a word 根是主要的元素的一个词
实例：-heart-：heart, hearten, dishearten, heartily, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweet-heart
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16. Free morphemes(自由词素)：Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences 自由语素有完整的意义在自己和可以作为免费的语法单位在句子 free morphemes are free roots(自由词根). 实例：man, earth, wind, faith, red, write….
17. Bound Morphemes(粘着词素)：they are bound to other morphemes to form words 实例：Recollection (re+collect+ion)
Idealistic (ideal+ist+ic)
ex-prisoner (ex+prison+er) 黏着词素包括两种类型
bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix 粘着词根和词缀
(1).Bound roots(粘着词根): A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. 一个黏着词根是这部分词的基本含义,携带就像一个免费的根。 实例：dict-：contradict, predict, contradiction, prediction, dictate, diction, dictionary….
dur-： during, duration, durable, endure
Free roots自由词根：just like simple words就像简单的单词 such as sit, man, moon, car, walk Bound roots粘着词根：they are not words. They can not exist of their own 他们不是单词。他们可以没有自己的存在
(2).Affixes(词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 词缀是形式,附在词或字元素修改意义或功能。
we can put affixes into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes. 曲折和派生词缀
Inflectional affixes(曲折词缀)：Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional 词缀附加部分的单词来表示语法关系是屈折
实例：cats, walked, walking, John‘s book… It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word 它并没有形成一个新单词和新词汇意义当它被添加到另一个词 They have only grammatical meanings他们只有语法意义 not change the character of the word不会改变词的性质 only eight inflectional affix, and suffix 英语中只有8个屈折词缀，而且都是后缀 The plural (-s)
The third-person singular (-s) The –ing participle (-ing)
The past form and past participle (-ed) The past participle (en) The comparative (-er) The superlative (-est)
The generative case (as in the girl’s doll)
Derivational affixes(派生词缀)：Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 添加到其他语素词缀构成新词。 他们可以进一步分为前缀和后缀 It can be divided into prefixes and suffixes 前缀和后缀
prefixes modify the meaning of the words 前缀修改文字的意思
suffix not only the meaning is modified but the word itself is usually change 后缀不仅意思是修改但词本身通常是变化的 前缀通常不改变词性，后缀改变词性 18. Diagram of morphemes 词素的图解
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单词 词素 词根 单词 词素 词根 Student 2 study, ent Stupidity 2 Stupid,ity Unfair 2 fair,un Excellent 2 Excell,ent Sleeping 2 sleep,ing Unemployed 3 employ,un,ed Deforms 3 form,de,s Unreliable 3 rely,un,able trial 2 try,al disinfectant 3 infect,dis,ant unfairly 3 fair,un,ly husbands 2 husband,s Island 1 Island classroom 2 class,room Paper 1 Paper inversion 2 invers,ion Ugly 1 Ugly magazine 1 magazine Sandwich 1 Sandwich
实例：Decentralization：de-, center, -al, -ize, -ation Individualistic：in-, divide, -al, -ist, -ic Half-hearted：half, heart, -ed
A man of letters：a, man, of, letter, -s Downfall：down, fall Ecocrisis：eco-, crisis
Meaningfulness：mean, -ing, -ful, -ness Prediction：pre-, -dict-, -ion Inequality：-in, equal, -ity
Understatement：-under, state, -ment Undeveloped：-un, develop, -ed Downsizing：down, size, -ing Moonscape：moon, -scape
Supernatural：-super, nature, -al 19. Allomorphs 词素变体
[-s] [-z] [-iz] are allomorphs of plural morpheme.
{-s} has three different phonological forms /s, z, iz/, /s/ as in “cats”, /z/ in “dogs”, /iz/ in “buses, oranges”
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-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.后缀
A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (imperfect, imbalance, immobile)前缀 ir- before r (irregular, irresponsible); il- before l (illogical, illegal);
in- before all other consonants and vowels (inflexible, incomplete).
