Chapter 5 Bound Roots 黏着词根 不考 Chapter 6 Word Meaning 词义 20. Types of Word Meaning
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Conceptual meaning(概念意义) ：Sun: a heavenly body which gives off light, heat,and energy Mother: a female parent
Denotative meaning(外延意义) ：Man [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE] Woman [+HUMAN, +ADULT, -MALE] Girl [+HUMAN, -ADULT, -MALE] Boy [+HUMAN, -ADULT, +MALE]
Associate meaning(关联意义) is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning 是次要意义概念意义的补充。它不同于概念上的意义 Connotative meaning (内涵意义)：Mother (a female parent) is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, ‘tenderness’, ‘forgiving’, etc. Home (a dwelling place) may suggest ‘family, warmth, safety, love, convenience’, etc. ‘East or west, home is best’.
The denotation of a word is the thing in the real world the word is linked to. 外延意义
The connotation of a word refers to the emotional associations that a word may carry.内涵意义 一个词的外延是现实世界中的东西与这个词。一个词的内涵是指词携带的情感关联。 Conceptual meaning (概念意义)is relatively stable. It does not vary from culture to culture, or from individual to individual.
概念意义是相对稳定的。它不因文化不同而有差异,或从个体到个体。 E.g. “cat” 内涵意义是不稳定的。其范围可以从年龄年龄,从社会到社会,或从文化到文化。
Connotative meaning (内涵意义)is unstable. It can vary from age to age, from society to society, or from culture to culture.
Stylistic meaning(文体意义)：also called social meaning(社会意义)
steed: poetic 马:诗意的 domicile: very formal, official 住所:非常正式,官方 horse: general 马:一般 residence: formal 住所:正式 nag: slang 老马:俚语 abode: poetic 住所:诗意的 gee-gee: baby language 马:婴儿的语言 home: general 家:一般 cast (literary) throw (general) chuck (casual, slangy) The five clocks by Martin Joos 由马丁·乔斯的五个钟
Affective Meaning(情感意义)：You’re a vicious tyrant and a villainous reprobate, and I hate you for it! I’m terribly sorry to interrupt, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.
Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: Appreciative or commendatory(褒义): positive words
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Pejorative or derogatory(贬义): words of negative ‘Colorful’ meaning
赞赏的 Commendatory 贬损的 Derogatory tough-minded 意志坚强的 uthless 无情的 resolute, firm 坚决的,公司 obstinate 固执
Shrewd 精明的 sly, crafty 狡猾的,狡诈的 Childlike 天真烂漫的 childish 幼稚 Wiseman 怀斯曼 wiseguy 胖瘦 man of usual talent 平常的人人才 reak 狂
portly, stout, solid, plum 肥胖的,结实的,固体,李子 fleshy, fat, tubby 肉、脂肪、桶状的
slender, slim 细长的,苗条的 lean, skinny, lanky, weedy, scraggy瘦,杂草,凸凹不平的
Reflected Meaning(反映意义)：“nuclear family”“核心家庭”
“Human language is a tool of social intercourse”.
“communication”“沟通”“人类语言是社会交往的工具” Collocative meaning(搭配意义)：‘A bit or a little’ collocates with words of negative connotations: drunk, jealous, gloomy, tired, worried? ‘Highly’ collocates with words of positive connotations: important, significant, intelligent, sensitive?
wide awake, fully awake, sound asleep, far apart (‘Very’ is inappropriate here) tremble with fear, quiver with excitement Thematic meaning(主题意义)：Mrs Bessie Smith donated the first prize.
The first prize was donated by Mrs Bessie Smith. They stopped at the end of the corridor. At the end of the corridor, they stopped. 21. Sense Relations 3种语义关系
There are generally three kinds of sense relations:
Sameness relation 同义关系 Oppositeness relation 相反关系
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Inclusiveness relation 包容关系
Synonymy 同义关系 Antonymy 反义关系 Hyponymy 上下义关系 Antonymy反义关系 divide into three： Gradable antonymy 等级反义关系
Complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 Converse antonymy 关系反义关系 Gradable antonymy 等级反义关系：good --- bad； long ---short；big ----small
Complementary antonymy 互补反义关系：alive : dead；male : female；present : absent innocent : guilty；odd : even；pass : fail；boy : girl；hit : miss Converse/Relational antonymy关系反义关系：buy : sell；lend : borrow；give : receive parent : child；husband : wife；teacher : student；above : below before : after；host : guest；employer : employee
