没有所谓的―英语‖在这个时期。英国的居民英国人并没有讲英语,但各种凯尔特语言。 (2). Anglo-Saxon invasions (449 onwards) 盎格鲁-撒克逊入侵(449年起) People spoke naturally grew into a single language: the English language.
For almost all Anglo-Saxon words are at the core of English. 人们说话自然成长成一个单一的语言:英语。 对于几乎所有的盎格鲁-撒克逊词是英语的核心。
(3). Scandivavian invasions(787 onwards) 古斯堪的那维亚语和古英语同源或相关语言。 Old Norse and Old English cognate or related languages.
(4).The Norman Conquest (1066 onwards) 诺曼征服(1066年起)
English was relegated to the status of a ?peasant language‘. 英语成了地位的―农民语言‖。 (5).The Renaissance (1500 onwards) 文艺复兴时期(1500年起)
In the early modern English period, the chief influence of this time was the humanistic movement of the Renaissance. the influence of Latin and Greek was great. 在早期现代英语时期,这一时期的主要影响是文艺复兴时期的人文主义运动。影响拉丁语和希腊语伟大的。 10. The history of the English language is divided into three periods.
? The Old English (450-1100) ? The Middle English (1100-1500) ? The Modern English (1500-present) Sequence 1 2 3 Period Old English Middle English Modern English Duration of Time 449-1066 1066-1500 1500- Main features Full inflection Leveled inflection Lost inflection (1).The Old English (450-1100)
The history of the English language begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes from about 450 AD. The language they spoke was Anglo-Saxon, which replaced the Celtic spoken by the former inhabitants Celts. 英语的历史始于征服和解决现在的英格兰的盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特人从公元450年左右。他们说的语言是盎格鲁-撒克逊,取代了凯尔特所说的前居民凯尔特人。 Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. 现在人们一般把盎格鲁-撒克逊一样古老的英语。
Feature: A language full of inflections 特点:一个语言充满屈折变化 (2).The Middle English (1100-1500)
The Norman Conquest: William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066 AD.
诺曼征服:征服者威廉,诺曼底公爵,入侵并征服了英格兰和盎格鲁-撒克逊在公元1066年。 Old English began to undergo much change when the Normans invaded England from France in 1066. 古英语开始经历变化当诺曼人入侵英格兰在1066年从法国。
The Norman conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. 诺曼征服开始持续流动的法语词汇进入英语。
Middle English is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066. 中世纪英语的特点是强大的影响力,法国1066年诺曼征服之后。
3
Middle English retained much fewer inflections. 中古英语保留了更少的屈折变化。 (3).The Modern English (1500-present)
Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.
现代英语开始建立印刷在英格兰。 文艺复兴带来了巨大的变化,对词汇。 the Renaissance which brought great changes to the vocabulary.
Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world‘s great literary heritage and of great scholarship 拉丁语和希腊语被认为西方世界伟大的文学传统和伟大的奖学金 In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language. 在现代英语,词的结局大多是失去了只有少数人例外。英语已逐渐从一个合成语言目前的分析性语言。 11. The Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 今天的增长英语词汇
After World War II, neologisms sweep in at a rate much faster than any other historical period. The main reasons are three: 二战后,新词快速增长。主要原因有三个: Marked progress of science and technology 标志着科学技术进步
Socio-economic, political and cultural changes 社会经济、政治和文化的变化 The Influence of other cultures and languages 影响其他的文化和语言 12. Percentage of Each Source of New Words 新单词的比例 science and technology terms 56% 科技术语的 life-style terms 30% 生活条件
social and economic terms 14% 社会和经济方面的
13. Modes of English Vocabulary Development 英语词汇发展的3种模式 Modern English vocabulary develops through three modes：
Creation (by word-formation) 创建(通过构词法) 最重要 Semantic change (by adding new meaning to existing words)
语义变化(通过添加新的意义,现有的词) 借款(通过从其他语言借用词汇) Borrowing (By borrowing words from other languages) Chapter 4 Morphological Structure 形态结构 14. The definition of a morpheme 词素定义
The morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
词素是最小的有意义的语言单位的语言,而不是可分割成更小的形式或可分析的。 A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning.
一个单词是语言的最小单位是独立的交流意义 词素是最小的功能单元构成的词‖。 the morpheme is ―the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words‖. Words are composed of morphemes. 单词是由词素。
