damage 强受损程度不很严重，可以被修复 break 强调弄坏，弄断
Two of the strings were broken. spoil 强调把事情搅和了
Eg: spoil the party. / spoil the holiday ★remarkable adj. 不寻常的
remarkable adj. : unusual; uncomon; extraordinary
a remarkable event 不同寻常的事件 an extraordinary event
outstanding adj. 突出的， 杰出的，卓越的 Eg: Our headmaster is an outstanding youth.
distinguished adj. 杰出的，卓越的，不同非凡的
eminent adj. 显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 Eg:a distinguished physicist; an eminent surgeon; an eminent judge; a distinguished lawyer
以上都可以用来修饰那些在严肃领域的人，比如科学，医学等等
well-know adj. 强调众所周知的
famous adj. 因卓越的贡献和成绩而流芳百世的
Eg: She is well-known in the musical world. / This is well-known fact.
He is a famous moviestar. / Luxun is famous for his articles.
notorious adj. 臭名昭著的，臭名远扬的； be famous for bad things
infarmous adj. 声名狼藉的(语气较弱)
rnowned adj. 某人或某事以其独特的品质、个性而闻名
Eg: Hangzhou is renowned for its beautiful...
★band n. 帮，团伙
a band of robbers 一伙强盗
mob n. 表示贬义色彩的团伙、帮派 a mob of hooligans 一伙流氓 gang n. 一伙 a gang of thieves nest n. 窝； a nest of bandits
pack n. 团伙、帮派； a pack of hoodlums ★Florence n. 佛罗伦萨（意大利城市） ★city-state n. （古代）城邦 ★hire v. 租出，雇给 hire; rent; let; employ hire out; rent out 租给
Eg: Does this firm hire out cars? 这家公司出租汽车吗？
rent out租给，雇给：主要强调出租房屋 Eg: He rent out his house to a tourist.
let 出租房屋: let his house / please let your house to me。
hire from/ rent from 租进来
Eg: He hired a car from us. / I rent a room form Mrs. Johnson.
hire 指短期雇佣体力劳动者
employ 指长期雇佣或聘请脑力劳动者
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We employed her as our advisor. The factory employed 500 workers.
He hired two helpers. 他雇佣了两个临时帮手。 ★prince n. 君主，诸侯 ★Florentine n. 佛罗伦萨人 ★funeral n. 葬礼
★dedicate v. 奉献，题献给
dedicate to 奉献给…… 比devote 更为正式而庄重
Eg:He dedicated his first book to his mother.
I devote my time to helping my students. He dedicates his life to his motherland. He dedicated his life to science. put sb of business使某人失业
put sb/sth out of ……使某人失去……
Eg: You are putting me out of patience. put it out of your mind 忘记这件事情吧!= forget it.
★valiant adj. 英勇的 brave adj. 勇敢的 The boy is brave.
During war, soldiers are valiant. fearless adj. 大无畏的，无所畏惧的 We are fearless in time of danger. courageous adj. 有胆量的，有勇气的 ★memory n. 纪念
You have a good memory.
in memory of / to the memory of
Eg: if my memory serves me well, you?re Tom.如果我没记错的话，你是Tom。 三、【课文精析】
pay large sums of money to sb. 向某人付大笔大笔的费用
in return for 目的是为了换取...作为对...的回报
Eg: He gave me some books in return for my help.
when引导状语从句修饰 time
Eg: There was a time when mini skirt was in fashion.
promptly: innediatel
put a man out out of business: 使某人失业
put sb. / sth. out of ... 使某人失去...... Eg: You are putting me out of patience. You have already put everything out of order.
put it out of your mind 忘记这件事情吧 Obtaining...
obtaining: getting
as long ago as 追溯回到：dating back to / date from
Eg.: I knew Jane as long ago as the year 1980.
Key sentence:
John hawkwood?s discovery was quite remarkable.
make the remarkable discovery 做出不同寻常的发现
would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿而不
Eg.: He would rather die than surrender. I would rather play tennis than swim. ==would prefer to do……than do ==would prefer doing……to doing
Eg.: He would prefer to die than surrender. He would prefer dying to surrendering. would rather: sooner + that从句 (过去式) Eg: I would rather that you were not here. 我宁愿你不在这儿。
Eg: I would rather that I didn't see you. 我宁愿没见到你。
life work 毕生的事业
Eg.: I want to have the tree cut down. Six hundred years ago... a band of…… 一伙…………
settled near Florence 定居在Florence附近 make a name for himself ===become famous
Eg.: They soon made quite a name for themselves as pop singers. come to / get to 渐渐的
come to be known 渐渐的被人所熟知
Eg.: I come to be known to my students. I got to know him.
whenever 无论什么时候
at war 交战 at war with 与……交战 hire 表示出租 who指代 prince
he demanded: Hawkwood demanded in times of peace 在和平期间 in times of……在……期间 march into 大踏步行军
would offer to do=== would promise to do
burn down烧毁/ burn up烧光 / burn out 烧空
Eg.: the house was burned out only... in spite of this 尽管如此
give sb. a state funeral 给某人举行国葬 Lesson 15 Fifty pence worth of trouble
◆appreciate v. 欣赏，感激
Eg.: The poem is too difficult for me to appreciate.
I appreciate your help. = be thankful / grateful to sb.
◆pocket money 零用钱
beer money: 留给丈夫的零花钱
mad money: 妇子留作应急之用的私房钱 green money: 美金
soft / folding money: 纸币，钞票 hard money: 硬币 ◆rattle v. 格格作响 ◆thrifty adj. 节俭的
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同义词：economical
◆nephew n. 侄子，外甥 ◆bounce v. 弹起，跳起 The coin was bounced.
同义词：jump (跳跃)， leap (跃)， hop (单足跳)， spring (弹跳；n. 弹簧)， skip (跳跃；略过)
◆pavement n. 人行道
◆stick ( stuck, stuck ) v. 卡住，夹住，不能再动
stick:不能跳跃，卡住；坚持，粘贴 Eg.: You must stick to your idea. Stick the stamp on the envelop.
stick with:忠实于...... （=be faithful to ） His arm was stuck. 他的胳膊被卡住了。 ◆brigade n. 旅， （消防）队 fire brigade: 消防队 = fire department = fire station
◆grease n. 润滑油 三、【课文精析】
Key sentence:
Children always appreciate small gifts of money. 孩子们总是喜欢得到些零花钱。 Key sentence:
Husbands always appreciate small gifts of beer money.
provide a regular supply of …定期地提供……
provide sth. for sb./ provide sb. with sth. 为某人提供某物品
a source of extra income small gifts of money pocket money extra income
go a long way 可以买很多东西，维持很久 Eg: The money we have will go a long way. go a long way towards: 对……大有帮助 Eg: This will go a long way towards overcoming the difficulty.
With frugal housewives, they made their small income go a long way.
介词With和For的区别：“对于……来说”
介词for----“关于，对于……来说，考虑到……的事实”
Eg.: The weather is quite warm for November.
For him, this will be an entirely new hobby. 介词with----“在某一方面”（多用于二者的比较） Eg.: With some people, pleasure is more important than work.
Some people may accept that excuse, but it won?t work with me.
pence: 便士 （penny 便士的复数；pennies） a fifty pence: 一个五十便士的硬币 a fifty penies: 五十个一便士的硬币 rattle: 叮当作响 ==tinkle
roar:呼啸（重点突出老虎、狮子等大动物的鸣叫声）
shout at: 大喊大叫 = bark at he is grunting. 咕哝的，哼哼唧唧的 slam: 砰的一声 fill up: 装满
1．up ----表示方向
to----目的地、说话者所在处 up to ----表示到达目的地 towards----表示朝某个方向
2．表示沿着，走向更远的地方，侧重强调距离更远了
They walked up the street.
The children run up the garden path to greet their father.
3. 系列动词 + up ---- 表示消费，摧毁，彻底，光，用完
Drink up your whisky. Eat up your vegetable. Finish it up. burn up use up 用光
4． 表示积存，从少到多，积少成多
We must lay up some boiled food for the winter.
= store up, hold up, gather up
5．表示从河的上游到下游，河流入口处以上到源头的某一点
They are sailing up the Thames. The house is up the river.
6．动词 + up ----表示包起来、封住、盖住 button up 扣上钮扣 wrap up 包裹起来
lock up 锁上 lock the house up fasten up 栓起来 save up 赚钱 wash up 洗碗盆
do up 包扎，包装，系好
fifty pence is a small price = fifty pence is not much: 装满
fifty pence is not much to pay
a small price = not much money: 并不是很多
For him, two thousand dollars is a small price to pay for it.
For me, five haudred yuan is not a small price to pay for a bicycle.
find their way there = reach 抵达，到达， 找到自己的去处
Rivers find their way to the sea.
How did such a foolish statement find its way into print. 这样愚蠢的话怎么会印出来呢。 All my books have already found their way there.
advise: 建议
advise sb. to do sth. : 说服某人做某事（失败的结果）
persuade sb. to do sth.: 说服某人做某事（成功的结果）
instead：相反的是
fifty pence worth of trouble: 五十便士的麻烦 系列的动词构成平行结构：take off, rolled up, push
roll vi. 滚动； vt. 滚动
vi. The pencil rolled under the table.
vt. He rolled the ball towards the puppy. roll up:卷起，挽起
We will need to roll up the carpet. what引导的插入语
what is more important 更重要的是 what is worse 更糟糕的是 what is more 甚者
what is rare 更罕见的是
Eg.: He went to the meeting, and what was worse, insist on speaking. gather round 聚在周围
rubbed his arm with sth. ... 用......涂抹 firmly:坚定的，稳固的（加强语气）
using----现在分词做状语，强调一种方式 reward ... with: 用...来奖赏某人
Lesson 16 Mary had a little lamb ★prize adj. 珍贵的，宝贵的
可以表示“珍贵的，宝贵的”的词包括：prize，valuable，preclous, cherishable，dear Eg.: Mary has got a prize lamb. The cat is prize to the old lady. ★tie v. 拴，系 tie sth to
1．把…拴在…上
Eg: I tie the dog to a tree 2．与…有联系
Eg: He is tied to his family
3．n. 领带；关系（强调血缘关系） ★theft n. 偷盗行为，偷盗案
Eg.: He reports the theft to the police. ★accuse v. 指控
accuse sb of doing sth 因为某事指控某人,指控某人做了某事
Eg.: He acciused his neighbour of stealing his bicycle.
＝charge sb with doing sth
accuse比charge语意弱：accuse强调“严厉的指责” charge强调“控告” ★deny v. 否认
deny doing sth. 否认做了某事 He denied stealing the lamb. He denied the truth.
deny sb. nothing百依百顺
Eg: He denies his wife nothing deny oneself:克制自己
Eg: On some occasions we must deny ourselves.
★ashamed adj. 感到羞耻，惭愧 be ashamed of
He is ashamed of being a dustman. 13
shameful: 可耻的
The theft is shameful. shameless:无耻的
The thief is a shameless person. ★apologize v. 道歉
apologize to sb. (for sth. ) apology n. ★dye v. 染
Dye the cloth black. 三、【课文精析】
in the tiny village of...在一个小小的山村 in the big city of Beijing in the beautiful city of Paris possession: 所有物
Eg: What I possess is valuable/ My
possessions are valuable. 我所拥有的一切都很值钱。
belonging: 随身携带物（通常是用复数形式） keep:使......处于某种状态
keep后的复合宾语（宾语补足语）可以是形容词、介词短语、分词
keep和过去分词搭配做宾语补足语，过去分词和宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。 I keep my windows closed.
宾语补足语和宾语是主谓关系，那么宾语补足语是现在分词结构
I kept the boy standing outside. It is obvious that…显而易见
set out to do sth. 开始着手做某事
it would not prove difficult, 是不难做到的 prove 是连系动词，作“证明是”讲，本句子与 it would not be difficult相同。
tell sb. about sth. 把某事告知某人
Eg.: He told the police about the theft. or: 否则
Eg.: He can?t be ill or he wouldn?t have come.
or else: (口语) 否则……
Eg: Your room is so dirty. Clear it promptly, or else….
It is true that..., but... 诚然......, 但是......
Eg.: It is true that the work is hard, but we?ll finish it ahead.
Ashamed of having acted so rashly, ... 其前省略了being, 现在分词结构（形容词结构）做状语，此处相当于原因状语，放在主句前后均可。 Angry at everybody here, he left suddenly. Anxious for a quick decision, he called his friends.
Nervous, the man opened the letter. Lesson 17 The longest suspension bridge in the world ★suspension n. 悬，吊 suspension bridge 吊桥 suspend: 悬挂
Eg.: The light is suspended from the ceiling. 暂停
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Eg.: The train was suspended because of the heavy rain.
suspense: n. 担心，挂念，悬念
Eg.: The wonderful film give me a deep impression because of its suspense.
He didn?t tell us the truth in cap to me in suspense all day. suspenders 吊袜带
★agreeable adj. 宜人的 Today is agreeable. agreeable situation
His house is in a agreeable situation. ★situation n. 地点，地方 location situate v. locate v.
Beijing is located in the North of China. Japan is located to the East of China. is located to... ★locate v. 位于
★immortal adj. 永生的，流芳百世的 ★Brooklyn n. 布鲁克林（纽约一区名） ★Staten n. 斯塔顿（岛） ★span n. 跨度 ★cable n 缆索
★concrete n. 混泥土 ★suspend v. 悬挂 ★length n. 根，段 ★estimate v. 估计 underestimate 低估 overestimate 高估
Eg.: At a rough estimate, the car is worth 500 thousand RMB. estimation n. 判断 in my estimation ★immensity n. 巨大 ★capacity n. 承受量
Are you clear about the capacity of the cinema? 做某事的能力
have a capacity for doing sth. have a capacity to do ability成功地做到了
We have ability to finish the work in two days.
capability内在的潜力 have capability to do have capability of doing
Any chile has capability of learning a foreign launguge well.
Any chile has capability to learn a foreign launguge well.
faculty 侧重于“主观的能力” the faculty of seeing the faculty of hearing
competence 胜任工作的能力、资格 I have competence for the job. ★elegant adj. 优美别致的
The lady is elegant.
graceful: 强调一个人的体型
elegant: 还表示人的举止很得体，大方 delicate: 精致的
★faintly adv. 微细地 三、【课文精析】
sailed into.. ----句子的主干 about whom----Italian
describe sth. as 把......描绘成......，认为 ...... 常见的动词有：see, view, look upon, recoginze, regard, treat, accept
Eg.: I should describe the attempt as a failure.
His mother regards him as genius. I accept his words as true.
located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river 位于两座小山之间，一条大河滔滔流过。
located... 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 situation;
in the midst of which 引导一个定语从句，which指two small hills。句子结构要倒装（flowed 在a great river之前） in the midst of, 在......之中。
in the midst of two small hills flowed a great river
A great river flowed in the middle of the two hills.
in the middle of the night == at midnight in the middle of the winter in the middle of the summer
I like the village located within two small hills.
Eg.: 我们来到了一个农庄，在这个农庄的前面有一座大山。
We arrived at a farm house. in front of which is a mountain. 动词位于主语之前
though / although / even though 引导让步状语从句
用了though, although 不能使用but, yet可以用——强调转折关系。
by no means 决不，绝对不 （加强语气） E.: It is by no means pleasant to take a crowded bus.乘坐一辆拥挤的公交车无论如何不是一件令人高兴的事。 not by any means not at all
He isn?t satisfied with a job at all. in no way in no case in no sense
in no circumstances remain immortal be named after be named for
take one?s name from a span of: 跨度，桥长
take into account / take into consideration / take account of 考虑到
Eg.: We have to take the date into account when we have the meeting. support : hold up 支撑 extend 延伸，伸展
a railway extends to the next city extend to a depth of 深度 extend to a length of 长度 extend to a width of 宽度 rise to 上升的高度
which指代先行词 cables
It has been estimated / expected that…据估计 It is said
It is reported
It has been estimated / expected
be packed with... 作“挤满......; 装满 ......”解
were 虚拟语气 carry 承载
a third 三分之一 immensity----size despite==in spite of
fulfilling: 分词做状语表结果
The bus was held up by the snowstorm, causing the delay.
her husband died in1970, leaving her with two children.
At last he passed his examination, fulfilling his dream to go abroad. 他终于通过了这次考试，实现了出国的梦想（现在分词做结果状语，表示一种主动的概念。）
Lesson 18 Electric currents in modern art 现代艺术中的电流 ★current n. 电流
current n. the flow of electricity 电流
a continuous movement of water 水流
adj. 目前的，现在的； current affairs 时事
currency n. 流通（货币）
currently adv. 普遍地，通常地，现在，当前 ★sculpture n. 雕塑
sculptural adj. 雕刻的，雕刻般的 sculptor n. 雕刻家
★mistaken adj. 错误的
mistaken adj. incorrect; wrong; misunderstood
Eg.: The teacher has mistaken opinion of his pupil. He doesn?t use simple plain language and he is often mistaken.
make a mistake / by mistake 弄错了 He took my umbrella by mistake. and no mistake 确实如此(口语) Eg: He is honest and no mistake. mistake vt.
mistake sb. for 把某人误认为 15
