用活形容词短语作后臵定语（P. 错误！未定义书签。） 9. 状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。
He writes carefully. He walks slowly.
(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语) This material is environmentally friendly. （修饰形容词用副词，作状语）
He runs very slowly.
（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语） Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）
几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式→地点→时间 一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：
He worked hard at his lessons last year. I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning. He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.
正确安排并列状语的顺序（P. 错误！未定义书签。）
频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位臵
位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。 You can never tell what he will do. He is often late.
He is always helping others. He often came late.
注意频度副词的位臵（P. 错误！未定义书签。） 状语按意义分类
在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。
指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。 I. How about meeting again at six? II. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.
III. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. V. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
VII. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.
VIII. The boy needs a pen very much. IX. The boy really needs a pen.
10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is.
13. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.
14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 10. 同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后臵定语。如： We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”） It’s good to us students.
选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。 The young man, ______,works in the office.
A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, ______, often helps us with study. A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wang’s. D. of him ______, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train. A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs
③ 简单句的五种基本结构
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型
及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型结构如下：
主语 谓语
用符号表示为：
① Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
② Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
③ Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） ④ Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） ⑤ Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 主语（subject） 宾语（object） 状语 (adverbial) 表语（predicative）
谓语（predicate） 定语（attribute） 补语（complement）
基本句型一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如:
It is raining now. (Ｓ Ｖ) We’ve worked for 5 hours. (Ｓ Ｖ) The meeting lasted half an hour. (Ｓ Ｖ) Time flies. (Ｓ Ｖ)
分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )
2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( ) 3. He is smiling all over his face. ( ) 4. I did well in English. ( )
5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( ) 基本句型二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
系动词主要是be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。 如何辨别系动词
有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。 如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。如：
① She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。) Look at the picture.(look不能换为be, look为实义动词。) ② He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能换为was, 是实义动词。)
The silk feels soft.(这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。) 辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。 ① The door stays open at night.
② He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. ③ The book still lies open on the desk. ④ What he said proved true. ⑤ He can’t proved his theory(理论). 常见的系动词
状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。
持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：
He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
用下画线画出下列句中的系动词。 1. His advice proved right.
