3. address the problem 着手解决问题 There are several to address this problem. 有很多方法可以解决这个问题。
4. alleviate the problem 减缓问题的严重性
Many people believe building an underground city is one way to alleviate the problem. 许多人认为，建造地下城市是减缓该问题严重性的一种方法。 5. along with 随着……
Along with economic development. 随着经济的发展。
6. appropriate 适当的，合适的。
At an appropriate time, the chief promised to reveal his plan. 负责人答应在适当的时候展示他的计划。
Use humor if it seems appropriate, even if you are dealing with a serious subject. 即使在谈论一个严肃的话题，只要时机合适就可以使用幽默。 7. as a result of 由于……，作为……的结果
Cooking is different form place to place as a result of different cultures and living styles. 由于各地的文化背景和生活方式不同，各地的烹饪手法也不同。 8. as we know it 像我们知道的那样。
If there was not electricity, our world would not be able to operate as we know it. 如果没有电，世界就不会是我们现在的样子。 9. attribute to 归因于
Several factors attributed to this problem. 这个问题有几个方面因素造成。 10. avenue 渠道，办法
Teaching over the Internet opened up a new avenue for learning. 网上教学为学习提供了新的途径。 11. average person普通人，一般人
Einstein’s theory is really too difficult for the average person to understand. 普通人很难理解爱因斯坦的理论。 12. be tied to 依赖，依靠。
Even today with alternative forms of energy, the world economies are closely tied to oil prices. 今天，即使能源使用形式多样化，但世界形式仍然与油价密切相关。 13. complete 完成，结束
When apprentices completed their training periods, each received a certificate. 培训期结束后，每个学员都可以获得证书。 14. exposure 经历，阅历，经验
Part-time job gives me some exposure outside of the campus environment. 兼职工作增加了我的社会阅历。 15. head of (work) 去（工作）
The radio announcement said that the fugitive was headed ot our town. 广播说逃亡者已经到了我们镇上。 16. hold back 阻止，阻碍
Pollution has held back the development of mankind. 污染已经阻碍了人类的进一步发展。
17. it is a great feeling …令人愉快的感觉。
It is a great feeling to put different ingredients together and create a dilicious dish. 把不同的东西放在一起做出精美的菜肴是意见令人愉快的事情。 18. link…to… 把…与…联系起来。
Research shows that most lung cancer sufferers are smokers. However, there has been no medical research directly linking smoking to the disease.
研究显示多数肺癌患者都吸烟，然后，没有医学研究证明吸烟会直接导致肺癌。 19. opt 选择
A growing number of students are opting to take second foreign language.
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越来越多的学生选择学习第二外语。 20. turn a new page 翻开新的一页
Human history turned a new page with the invention of TV. 电视的发明翻开了历史的新一页。 21. unwind 放松
The club is a great place to get fit and unwind. 这个俱乐部是个健身和放松的好地方。 22. up to 是…责任，由…解决
It is up to the government to resolve this problem. 解决这个问题是政府的责任。
23. the only way out 唯一的方法、出路
It seemed that the only way out of the intolerable situation for them is to take to the streets and join the army of the homeless.
对他们来说，在这种忍无可忍的情况下，唯一的出路就是流落街头，成为无家可归者。 24. widen one’s knowledge 扩大知识面
Travel allows them to learn about different cultures and widen their knowledge. 旅游可以让人了解不同文化，扩大知识面。 25. not only…but also
（1）. not only … but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。
Not only Mr. Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. （连接两个主语） I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. （连接两个谓语动词） He plays not only the piano but also the violin. （连接两个宾语）
They speak English not only in class but also in the dormitory. （连接两个地点状语）
注 1 ： She not only sings well but also dances beautifully. = She doesn't only sing well but also dances beautifully.
注 2 ：句子 He not only plays the piano but also the violin 不是好的文体，因为 but also 之后的成分与 not only 之后的成分不对称。
（2）. not only … but also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。例如：
Not only does the sun give us light but also it gives us heat.
Not only did he speak English correctly， but also he speaks it fluently. Not only is this young man clever but also he is hardworking. （3）. not only … but also 不能用在否定句中。例如： 误： They don't fear not only hardship but also death. 正： They fear neither hardship nor death. 正： They don't fear either hardship or death.
（4）. not only … but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。
Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan.
（5）. not only … but also 中的 not only 不能分开使用，但 but also 却可以分开使用。 The area was not only hit by an unexpected heavy rain， but some bridges were also washed away.（6）. not only … but also 连接两个并列成分时，可以省略 but 或 also ，也可以把 but also 都省略掉。例如：
I not only heard it but （ also ） saw it.
He was not only compelled（强迫） to stay at home，（ but ） also forbidden to see his friend. She not only finished the task ahead of time，（ but also ） she came to help us.
（7）. 也可用 but … too / as well 替代 not only … but also 中的 but also .例如： She not only sang well but danced gracefully too （ or as well ）
（8）. 也可以用 besides， furthermore， moreover， in addition 等替代 not only … but also 中的 but also .例如：
Not only was there no food， but also （或 furthermore， besides， moreover， in addition ）
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there was no water.
（9）. 也可用 merely， just， simply 等替代 not only … but also 中的 only .
They not merely （ or just， simply ） broke into his office and stole his books but also tore up his manuscripts.
（10）. not only A but also B = B as well as A， 但前者的强调重点在 B ；后者的强调重点也在 B .（汉译时，要先译 as well as 后面的词）例如：
The child is not only healthy but also lively. （ = The child is lively as well as healthy. ）这孩子既健康又活泼。
It concerns not only me but also you. （ = It concerns you as well as me. ） 这件事不但与我有关，而且也与你有关。 26. neither...nor
（1）neither．．．nor．．．是个复合连词，表示―既不……也不……‖的意思，是对所连接的并列成分作全部否定。
（2）如果neither．．．nor．．．连接两个名词或代词作主语时，句中的谓语动词在人称和数上要与后一个名词或代词保持一致。
（3）它的完全肯定形式是：both．．．and．．．或not only．．．but also．．．。 He is neither angry nor sad. 他既不生气也不伤心。
Neither the teacher nor the students are there.老师学生都不在那儿。 27. either...or 或者…或者
She was wearing either blue, grey, or brown - I can't remember. 她穿的不是蓝就是灰或是褐色 - 反正我记不得了。 Either say sorry or get out! 要么道歉，要么滚蛋！ 28. both 两者都
Both you and your wife can stay here. 你们俩都可留下。 I want both. 我两个都要。 29. either 或者
Either you or your wife will be called. 不是传唤你就是传唤你太太。（只叫其中一个人） Either rooms will do. 两个房间(哪一个)都行。（只能要其中一个） 30. not so much．．．as．．．与其说，倒不如说
是一个常用的并列连词，其含义相当于rather than，意为\与其说是……倒不如说是……\。和其它连接词一样，它可以连接词与词，短语与短语以及句子与句子。 He isn't so much ill as depressed．（＝He's depressed rather than ill．）他不是生病，而是情绪低落。
当连接句子时，not so much．．．as．．．连接的往往是because或that引起的从句，意思是\倒不是因为……而是因为……\。as后的that有时可省去
It's not so much that the machine is out of order as（that）I have not learned to operate it．倒不是机器出了故障，而是我还没有学会操作。
该并列连词中的as可用but（rather）替换，即出现该连词的一种变体：not so much．．．but（rather）．．．
It is not so much the actual population of the world but its rate of increase which is important． 重要的与其说是实际的世界人口总数，倒不如说是世界人口增长率。
这一点许多语法书上并没有说明，但实际上，用not so much．．．but（rather）．．．代替not so much．．．as．．．的情况已越来越常见。 I picked Michael as player of the week，not so much for his play but because he was obviously the reason the others had kept fighting．
我选迈克尔作本周最佳球员，不是因为他球打得好，而是因为他促使队员坚持拼搏。
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The woman's family and all their clan relatives were very worked up about it：not so much because of the assault，but because it had lowered the woman's bride price． 这名妇女的家人和她族内的所有亲属情绪都很激动：与其说是由于被强奸，还不如说是由于被强奸降低了这名妇女作为新娘的价格。 31.there be 句型
There be表示 ―存在有‖,即当我们告诉某人某事存在(或不存在)常用这种结构。其中there是引导词,本身无词义;be为谓语动词,后面跟的是名词,也就是主语,也就是说there be结构的运用也就是倒桩的具体运用。其真正的主语在there be 之后。 注意事项：
（1） there be 结构中的be 是可以运用各种时态的。
There is going to be a meeting tonight.今晚有个会议。 There was a knock at the door.有人敲门。
There has been a girl waiting for you.有个女孩一直在等你。 There will be rain soon.不久天就要下雨了。
（2） 动词be单复数形式要跟there be之后的真正的主语一致。并且要根据就近一致原则来变换be 的单复数形式。
There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。
How many people are there in the city?这个城市里有多少人口。
There is a pen and two books on the desk.课桌上有一个钢笔和两本书。 There are two books and a pen on the desk. 课桌上有两本书和一个钢笔。
There are some students and a teacher in the classroom. 在教室里有一些学生和一位老师。 There is a teacher and some students in the classroom. 在教室里有一位老师和一些学生。 （3） 在there be引起的句子结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式主动形式和被动形式均可。
There is no time to lose (= to be lost).时间紧迫。 There is nothing to see (=to be seen).看不见有什么。 There is nothing to do.(=to be done) 无事可做。 结构变形：
在there be 结构中还可把be 改变从而使得there be结构有了一些改变具体总结如下： （1） There used/seem/ happen/appear to be 如：
There might be snow at night.晚上可能有雪。
There appeared to be nobody willing to help.看来没人愿意帮忙。 There used to be a building here.过去这儿有一座楼房。
There happened to be a man walking by.碰巧有个人在此经过。 There doesn't seem to be much hope.好象没有太大的希望。 （2） 在there be的 be 前还可以加上各种情态词，
There must be something wrong.一定有问题。
There ought not to be so many people.不应该有这么多的人。 There might still be hope .可能还有点希望。
（3）在there be句型中的be还可以换成其他的动词与there连用，这些词都是表示状态的
如：live stand exist remain等或用来描写某事的发生或某人的到达如come, appear, enter, follow, occur等。
There lived a rich man.这以前住着一个富翁。
Then there came a knock at the door.然后有人敲门。
Long, long ago, there lived a king.很久很久以前，有一个国王。 There followed a terrible noise.然后是传来了可怕的声音。
Suddenly there entered a strange man.突然进来了一个奇怪的人。 特殊的表达方式：
（１）There is no sense in doing 做某事是没有用的，没有意义的
There is no sense in making him angry.跟他生气是没有用的。 There in no sense in going alone. 一个人去是没有好处的。 (2) There is no use /good doing 做某事是没有用的，没有必要的
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There is no use trying to explain it.解释是没有必要的。 There is no good/use going there. 去那儿是没有好处的。 (3 ) There is no need to do 没有必要做某事 There is no need to worry. 没有必要担心。
There is no need to give him so much money. 根本没有必要给他那么多的钱。 (4) There is thought/said/reported to be 人们认为有/据说有/据报道有 There is thought to be an army between in these two countries。 人们认为在这两国之间有一场战争。
There is reported to be a better way to cure cancer. 据报道，找到了一种更好的治疗癌症的方法。
(5) There is no doing（口语）不可能…….
There is no telling when he will be back.无法知道他什么时候回来。 There is no knowing what he is doing. 无法知道他在做什么。 there be句式的非限定形式。
There be 的非限定形式有两种，即there to be 和there being。需要掌握以下几个情况： (1)作主语
当作主语时，一般是There being结构，当句式中有for时，一般用there to be如： There being a shop here is a great advantage. 这儿有个商店，真是方便极了。
There being a house with a garden is of great value. 拥有花园的房子是很有价值的。 It is impossible for there to be any more. 不可能再有了。 (2) 作宾语
作动词宾语时，一般用there to be 结构。常见动词有：expect, mean, intend want, prefer We expect there to be no argument.我们希望不会出现争吵。 People don't want there to be another war.人们不希望再有战争。
作介词的宾语一般用There being句式，但当是for时一般用there to be句式。 This depended on there being a sudden change. 这需要有一个突然的改变。
The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence.老师在等着大家都安静下来。 另外， (3) 作状语
用作状语的there be的形式通常用there being结构。
There being no buses, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们不得不走着回家。 There being no nobody in the room, we realized that there was no use crying. 屋里没人，我们意识到哭喊是没有用的。
There being nothing else to do, we went home happily. 由于没事可做，我们快乐地回家了。
注意：如果句中出现for时应用there to be。 、
It was too late for there to be any buses. 太晚了，没有公共汽车了。
在句首做状语表示原因、条件时，用there being。若动作发生在谓语动词之前，则使用其完成式there having been。
There being so much to do, he had to stay up.
There having been no buses, we had to walk home. There being nothing else to do, we went home. 【Exercise】
There (be) a chair and two tables in the room
There (be) no money in his pocket, he had to go hungry. I wish there (be ) some chances for my readers. It is necessary for there (be) a dictionary with you
What is the chance of there (be) some good dictionaries in that bookstore.
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