He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.) 关系代词：连接作用，替代作用，成分作用
Who whom which that whose/of whom(指人属格) whose/of which(指物属格) 【Exercise】
将下列句子改成非限定性定语从句
1. That is his father, and he works in Shanghai. That is his father, works in Shanghai. 2. I like the boy, because he is very lovely. I like the boy, is very lovely.
3. He told me a story yesterday, and I think it is very interesting. He told me a story yesterday; I think it is very interesting.
限定性定语从句必须用that的情况 1.、
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? You should hand in all that you have. 2.
This is the very person that I’m waiting for.
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 3.
This is the best that has been used against pollution. This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen. 4.
This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.
What is the first American film that you have seen? 5.
Do you know the things and person that they are talking about?
定语从句中，必须用which的情况 1：
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the other envy him. 2.
This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived. 【Exercise】
用that 或者which填空
1. Is there anything you don’t understand about the problem? 2. The worst matter I’m a afraid of happened in the end.
3. All the presents your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away. 4. This is the very book I have been looking for.
5. Jim passed the driving test, surprised everybody in the office.
6. The thought of going back home was all kept him happy while he was working abroad.
关系代词：who, whom, whose的用法。
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She is the girl who lives next door. That’s the girl (whom/that) I teach.
This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. ―介词+关系代词‖引导的定语从句
介词放在关系代词的前面，只能用which或者whom I have many friends, of whom some are businessmen. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, during which time he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union.
Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the tiger. 在限定性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时候，可用that/which（物），或者that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。 This is the hero that/who/whom we are proud of. This is the pen that/which I wrote the letter with.
复合介词短语+关系代词which, 引导的定语从句，与先行词有逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 关系副词的用法
先行词在定语从句中作状语时候，要用关系副词。When表时间，如in ,at, during+which ; where=表示地点的介词（in, at, on, under）+which, why表原因的介词，如for+which. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. When=on which Can you tell me the office where he works? Where=in which Do you know the reason why he is absent? Why=for which
The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in. Where will all this trouble lead? That is where you are mistaken. 关系代词和关系副词的比较
Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?
Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao? 【Exercise】
在下面的句子中填上适当的关系代词或关系副词。 1. All you need is a good rest.
2. We are now in a position we might lose a lot of money if anything goes wrong. 3. Finally, I found the car windows had been broken. 4. There is little I can do about it.
5. This is the fastest train has ever been made. 6. He sees nothing learns nothing. 7. He arrived in Beijing the day I left.
8. Can you tell me the reason you didn’t come yesterday? 9. A child parents are dead is called an orphan. 10. The girl he is talking to is my little sister. 11. There is still one thing I want to ask you.
12. We met at the same place we said goodbye ten years ago. 13. He laughs last laughs longest.
14. He now lives in the house I bought last year.
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15. This is usually the time the place is full of children and women. 6. 状语从句 1. 时间状语从句
when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly (1)
when:表示某个具体时间，所引导的从句的动作或是主句的动作同时发生，或者先于主句动作。既可指一段时间，也可指一点时间。既可表示一时的动作，也可表示连续的动作。 When the bell rang, the guard was waiting in his seat. (强调一点的时间) Whenever: 指任何一个不具体的时间。
The governor ordered the Alterfers to bow before the cap whenever they passed. 总督命令阿尔托，每次走过这个地方，都要向帽子鞠躬。
As: 一边表示从句动作和主句动作同时发生，具有延续含义。一般同连续性动词连用。可翻译为―一边……一边……‖或―正当……的时候‖
Nathan Hale looked round as a British soldier put the rope around his neck. 当一个英国士兵吧绳子套在内森·黑尔的脖子上时候，他往四周看了看。
While: 只表示延续性的动作或状态，不能表示短暂动作。可翻译为―一边……一边……‖或―正当……的时候‖。
While ants grow they change their forms three times. 蚂蚁成长时，形状要改变三次。
He entered the room when/while/as the meeting was going on. While/As Jim was reading, Jack was writing. (2)
Before 和 after
都是表示两个时间或者事件的顺序。
Before引导的从句动作发生在主句之后。从句过去时，主句过去完成时。 They had got everything ready before I arrived. After 引导的从句动作发生在主句之前。主句过去时，从句过去完成时。 After he had worked in the factory for ten years, he went abroad. Before 有时候可以替换成when, 但是主句是it 时，只能用before. It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position. 不久，他就感觉到了情况的危及。
如果不强调时间的先后顺序，after和before句子结构中的谓语动词也都可以用一般过去时。 Three months went by before Dongdong knew it. 东东不知不觉过了三个月。 （3）
The minute, the moment, the instant, as soon as, immediately, presently, directly… 都表示：从句动作一发生，主句动作就发生。一……就…… I shall come as soon as I’ve finished supper. 我一吃完晚饭就来了。
They told me the news immediately they got the message. 他一得到口信，就把消息告诉我们。 I recognized you the minute I saw you. 我一见你就认出了你。
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此外，一些词组：the day, the first time, the last time, next time, the week, the morning, the afternoon等，也作为连词，引导时间状语从句。 He called on me the day he arrived. 他来的那一天就拜访了我。
Every time I catch a cold, I have pain in my back. 我每次感冒都背疼。
The truck will have arrived by the time you have all the things packed up. 你把东西一捆好，卡车也就来了。 （4）
Hardly…when 和 no sooner…than 相当于 as soon as 之意，也可以引导时间状语从句。从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。有自然语序和倒装语序。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder. = Hardly had he fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder. 他刚要入睡就感到肩膀被轻轻一触。
I had no sooner come home than it began to rain. = No sooner had I come home than it began to rain. 我一回家就下雨了。 （5）
Till 和 until
意思为：直到…，一直…为止。表示一个动作持续到某个时间点，或某一动作发生为止。用法相近。
在句首，只能用Until.
Until you told me I had no idea of it.
在你告诉我之前，我对此事一无所知。
在强调句结构中，或者与not连用，只能用until.
It was not until the old worker came that we began the experiment. 直到老工人来了以后，我们才开始了这个实验。 He didn’t enter the room until I returned. 直到我回来，他才进入房间。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。 Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。 （6）
Since的用法。
表示―自从…开始‖谓语动词一般是非延续性动词。 I have written home but once since I came here. 自从来到这里，我只写了一封信回家。
It is + 时间+ since 从句句型中，时间的计算从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时算起。 It is three years since she was in our class. 她离开我们班有三年了。
It is three years since he lived here.
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他不在这里住有三年了。
It is three years since I smoked a cigar. 我戒烟有三年了。
区别it is …since…和 it is …that…
It is four years since he has lived here. = He hasn’t lived here for four years. 她不在这里住有四年了。
It is four years that he has lived here. = He has lived here for four years. 她在这里住了四年了。
2. 地点状语从句
Where 和 wherever 引导的。
Where:在某个地方。 Wherever: 指在任何一个地方。 Where I live, there is plenty of rain. 我出生的地方雨水多。
Make a mark where you have any questions. 有疑问的地方做个记号。
He will work wherever the people need him. 人们哪里需要他，他便在哪里工作。
Wherever you go, you should do your work well. 无论你走到哪里，都该吧工作做好。 3. 原因状语从句
Because, as, since, now that, for 等引导原因状语从句
Because 表原因语气最强烈，常用回答疑问词―why‖引导的疑问词。 Because he did not obey the regulations, he was punished. Since:表示一种附带的原因，或表示已知的，显然的理由意为―既然‖引导的从句放在句首。 Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr. Smith wanted to give John a chance. 既然很多人在一生都会犯错误，史密斯先生想给约翰一个机会。 As: 表示的理由最弱，只是对主句附带说明，重点在主句上。 As the tree was a very small one, it doesn’t take long to cut it down. 因为数小，砍它没花多少时间。
Now that: 意思与 as, since 相近。有―鉴于某个事实，原因是…‖的意思。 Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference. 大家都来了，我们就开会吧。
Not that…but that… 意思为：不是因为，而是因为 Not that I don’t like the film, but that I have no time for it. 不是因为我不喜欢这部电影，而是因为我没有时间看。 4. 条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless，Provided (that), so (as) long as 只要 start our project if the president agrees. I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
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