×××
本文是一封请假条，一般我们要向上级或老师请假，通常用的是ack for leave这个短语，请三天假可写作：ask for three days‘ leave;因病请假则是ask for sick leave.leave在这里是名词用法，文中用的短语是apply for意为―申请‖，含有更加郑重的意味，常用于下级对上级或晚辈对长辈的书面语中，―Only child‖意为―独生子女‖相应的，―独生女‖译作―only daughter‖而―独生子‖译作―only son‖. As concern as.后面跟名词性结构，意为―涉及到，至于‖与Concerning同意，两者可以互换。
道歉（Apology）
此类信要写得及时，态度要诚恳，用词需谦逊。一般在信一开始就向对方表示歉意或内疚，然后说明原因并提出补救的办法。 例1
Directions: You have missed a date of your friend, now you have to write a letter for appologization in about 100 words. May 20th Dear Lily,
I am sorry I missed seeing you yesterday. I know that you must have been
disappointed. I also feel worried and anxious in my heart. The fact is that my manager at the last moment asked me to prepare a urgent plan while I could not get to a phone to call you and yesterday I have worked late until about 8:30 p. m. I am terribly sorry. However, I would like to ask you out this weekend to make up for yesterday. Please give me a chance and I am waiting for your reply. ××× 临时有事未能赴约，一定要把事情解释清楚并真诚的道歉，最好能有弥补（to make up），就像这封信里所说的那样，邀请对方周末再碰头（I would like to ask you out this weekend）注意英文句子you must have been disappointed中情态动词的用法：情态动词+完成时态，表示过去行为。这句话应该理解为―你当时一定感到很失望‖。
3 应用文写作 备忘录 一、概述
备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等级是比较低的，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。在业务上，它一般用来补充正式文件的不足。它的内 容可以分为以下几项：
书端（Heading）;
收文人的姓名、头衔、地址（Addressee‘s Name, Title, Address）；
称呼(Salutation)；
事因(Subject)；
正文（Body） ；
结束语（Complimentary Close）；
署名（Signature）。
二、注意事项
书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期，有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺，在写书端时，其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相同。收文人（或收文单位）的姓名、头衔、地址一项写在左上角编号处的下面，其格式与书信的写法相同。
称呼从左边顶格写起，对一般机关、团体的负责人一般用 Dear Sir， 对政府官员可用 Sir。
―事因‖一项目前采用得较少。它可放在称呼语之前，也可放在其后，前面可加 Re或Docket, Subject。如果此项写在称呼语之前，多从左边的顶格写起；若放在称呼语之后，一般写在信笺正中。它多采用不完整的句子，只需很少几个词，甚至一个词，目的在于使收文人对文中的主要内容一目了然，便于及时处理。
正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。
三、举例
例1
Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory. MEMO
August 16,2004
To:The leader of student service department From: Li Ming Subject:Telephone
Dear Sir,
I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.
We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible. Regards.
Yours， Li Ming
remind‖一词用法比较多，可以在后面直接接人或宾格，如―提醒我‖译为please remind me.如果提醒某人某事则用remind somebody of something ，也可以在后面加从句，即―remind sb that‖,remind还有一个意思为―使想起‖同样用remind…of…的结构，应注意与提醒某事区分。
例2
Directions:You are supposed to write a Memorandom of about 100 words to the leader of the supply section to borrow one more microscope for your biological experiment. It should include:
1) Why you need the microscope. 2) When you need it. MEMO August 12,2004
To: Mr. Gates, leader of the supply section From:Li Ming of the biological laboratory Subject:Microscope Dear Sir,
I‘m a student of biology department and we are badly in need of an extra microscope in order to improve our experimental work.
Our experiment will start on Friday, so please issue a microscope to us as soon as possible so that we can prepare better for the experiment. With kind regards.
Yours sincerely, Li Ming
这是一封备忘录，在写备忘录的时侯，一定要注意它的格式，尤其要在开头写清楚是谁写给谁来备忘的，用From: To：两个单词即可。文中的―badly‖是―非常的，迫切的‖意思。短语―in order to‖同下句的―so that‖意思是一样的即：为了，目的是。不同的是前者后接动词原型而后者常跟目的状语从句 ，类似的短语还有―in order that‖,用法与―so that‖相同。
例3
Directions: If you are the teacher of the students‘ Counseloris office: P: steelpes, and you have received a letter for requesting for paid education leave from a student.
Write him a memo to reply him including details: 1) The result of his requirement. 2) The reason for rejecting. 3)some suggestions To: Records Section
From: P/ Steelpes, Career Planning
Subject: Request for Paid Education Leave Date: May 22, 2004
In response to your request for one year of paid education leave to take a degree in English literature, I have to inform you that we cannot authorize this leave. While we appreciate your desire to improve your knowledge, we feel that English literature is not directly related to your present position and to the goals of this organization.
I am aware of your great interest in literature, and I would like to point out that you could gain advantage to apply for leave without pay.
If you need another information on the above, do not hesitate to keep touch with me at any time.
P. Steels
首先要注意本篇备忘录的格式很标准。然后注意这个备忘录的个别词的用法，譬如：be aware of 注意到、当心的意思，point out 指出,request for 要求，in response to 反馈。
4 应用文写作 摘要 一、概述
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为―Abstract‖,而英国人则喜欢称其为―Summary‖。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。 国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。 它可以包括三个组成部分
①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；
②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；
③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。 二、常见句型
常见的摘要句型有： 1）This paper deals with...
2）This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc)... 3）This eassy presents knowledge that... 4）This thesis discusses... 5）This thesis analyzes...
6）This paper provides an overview of... 7)This paper elaborates on ...
8）This article gives an overview of...
9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings. 10）This paper includes discussions concerning... 11)This paper presents uptodate information on... 12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...
13)This paper addresses important topics including... 14)This paper touches upon...
15)This paper strongly emphasizes...
16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...
17)This article not only describes...but also suggests... 18)This paper considers...
19)This paper provides a method of ...
20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze... 21)This paper offers the latest information regarding... 22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of... 23)This article explores...
24)This paper expresses views on...
25)This paper reflects the state of the art in... 26)This paper explains the procedures for... 27)This paper develops the theory of ...
28)This article reviews the techniques used in...
29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to... 30)This article is about... 31)This eassy is related to ... 32)This paper concerns...
33)This paper gives an account of ... 34)This article tells of...
35)This paper tries to describe...
36)This paper provides an analysis of ...
37)This paper reports the latest information on ... 38)The author of this article reviews... 39)The writer of this paper discusses...
40)The writer of this eassy tries to explore... 41)The aim of this paper is to determine...
