目 录
1 绪论??????????????????????????????????1 1.1设计的研究背景及意义 ····························································································· 1 1.2 电梯的国内外发展状况 ···························································································· 1 1.3 常用的控制系统及特点 ···························································································· 2 1.3.1 继电器控制系统 ································································································· 2 1.3.2 微机控制系统 ····································································································· 3 1.3.3 可编程控制器系统 ····························································································· 3 1.4 PLC在电梯控制中的应用以及发展前景 ·································································· 3 1.5控制要求分析 ············································································································ 5 1.6设计的研究内容········································································································· 5 2 控制对象介绍 ·················································································································· 6 2.1 电梯简介 ··················································································································· 6 2.2 电梯的主要性能指标 ································································································ 6 2.3 设计思想 ··················································································································· 7 3 硬件设计 ·························································································································· 9 3.1 变频器选择 ··············································································································· 9 3.1.1 VS-61665型变频器简介 ····················································································· 9 3.1.2 VS-61665变频器的参数 ····················································································· 9 3.1.3 VS-61665型变频器的标准规格 ······································································· 10 3.1.4 变频器参数设置 ······························································································· 12 3.1.5 变频器容量计算 ······························································································· 13 3.1.6 变频器制动电阻参数的计算 ············································································ 13 3.2输入输出信号分析 ·································································································· 13 3.2.1 电梯输入信号及其意义 ··················································································· 13 3.2.2 电梯输出信号及其意义 ··················································································· 14 3.3 ＰＬＣ选型 ············································································································· 14 3.4 I/O点分配 ················································································································ 15 3.5 ＰＬＣ硬件Ｉ/Ｏ接线图 ························································································· 16 4 软件设计 ························································································································ 18 4.1软件设计流程 ·········································································································· 18 4.2 开关门控制 ············································································································· 20 4.3楼层显示控制 ·········································································································· 21
4.4运行反向控制 ··········································································································· 22 4.5呼叫指令登记控制 ··································································································· 23 4.6电梯的停止控制 ······································································································· 26 4.7超重报警控制 ··········································································································· 27 4.8电梯运行控制 ··········································································································· 27 4.8.1 楼层层内指令 ··································································································· 27 4.8.2 厅外呼叫指令 ··································································································· 29 5 结论 ································································································································ 31 参考文献 ···························································································································· 33 致谢 ··································································································································· 35 附录 ··································································································································· 37
1 绪论 1 绪论
1.1设计的研究背景及意义
随着科学技术日新月异地发展，人们物质文化生活水平的逐步提高，高层建筑业得以迅速发展，大批的高楼大厦拔地而起，十几层至几十层的宾馆、饭店、办公楼、住宅楼如雨后春笋。伴随建筑业的发展，为建筑内提供上下交通运输的电梯工业也在日新月异地发展着。电梯已不仅是一种生产环节中的重要设备，更是一种工作和生活中的必需设备，完全可以预想到，随着社会的发展，电梯产品在人们物质文化生活中的地位将和汽车一样，成为重要的垂直运输设备之一。
继电器组成的顺序控制系统是最早的一种实现电梯控制的方法。但是，进入九十年代，随着科学技术的发展和计算机技术的广泛应用，人们对电梯的安全性、可靠性的要求越来越高，继电器控制的弱点就越来越明显。可编程序控制器(PLC)最早是根据顺序逻辑控制的需要而发展起来的，是专门为工业环境应用而设计的数字运算操作的电子装置。鉴于其种种优点，目前，电梯的继电器控制方式己逐渐被PLC控制所代替。同时，由于电机交流变频调速技术的发展，电梯的拖动方式己由原来直流调速逐渐过渡到了交流变频调速。因此，PLC控制技术加变频调速技术己成为现代电梯行业的一个热点。
总之，电梯的控制是比较复杂的，可编程控制器的使用为电梯的控制提供了广阔的空间。PLC是专门为工业过程控制而设计的控制设备，随着PLC应用技术的不断发展，将使得它的体积大大减小，功能不断完善，过程的控制更平稳、可靠，抗干扰性能增强、机械与电气部件有机地结合在一个设备内，把仪表、电子和计算机的功能综合在一起。因此，它已经成为电梯运行中的关键技术。
1.2电梯的国内外发展状况
在经济不断发展，科学技术日新月异的今天，楼的高度已和经济发展同样的速度成长起来。作为建筑的中枢神经，电梯起着不可或缺的作用，电梯作为建筑物内的主要运输工具，像其他的交通工具一样，已经成为我们日常生活的一个不可缺少的组成部分。
一个国家的电梯需求总量，主要受其经济增长速度、城市化水平、人口密度及数量、国家产业结构等综合因素的影响。在全球经济持续低迷的情况下，我国国民经济仍然以较高的速度持续增长，城市化水平不断提高。上世纪80年代以来，随着经济建设的持续高速发展，我国电梯需求量越来越大。总趋势是上升的，目自口进入了“第三次浪潮”，2004年总产量超过了8万台，而且目前还没有减速的迹象。从1949年建国以来全国共生产安装了6l万多台电梯。尽管如此，我国的电梯远未达到饱和的程度。全世界平均1000人有l台电梯，我国如果要达到这个水准，还需要增加70万台。到那时候，全国在用电梯将达到130万台，每年仅报废更新就需要6万台。到2005年，中国电梯的年产量达到13．5万台，与1980年相比，25年增长了59倍，产量每年平均增长17．8％。2005年
1 机械工程学院机械系
青海大学本科毕业设计：基于PIC的控制系统设计——高层电梯 安装验收电梯124465台，截至05年底，我国的在用电梯总数已达651794台。如此庞大的市场需求为我国电梯行业的发展创造了广阔的舞台!
我国电梯行业已经具备了很强的生产能力。兴旺的电梯市场吸引了全世界所有的知名电梯公司，美国奥的斯、瑞士迅达、芬兰通力、德国蒂森、同本三菱、日立、东芝、富士达等13家大型外商投资公司在国内的市场份额达到了74％”。目前国内市场需要的电梯产品，我国电梯行业几乎全部可以生产，不但大量替代了进口，而且有一定的出口。国产电梯的技术水平和产品质量正在稳步提高。自1985年我国参加了国际标准化组织ISO／TCl78以来，先后等同或等效采用了一批国际标准和先进国家的标准。标准的高起点使我国电梯行业在技术上居于有利地位。许多新技术和新产品，如无机房电梯、无齿轮曳引机、永磁同步拖动技术、远程监控技术等，国际上也是刚刚出现，我国就有许多企业可以生产了。国产电梯以其高质量，低成本的优势赢得了越来越多的国内外客户，为逐步进入国际市场创造了有利条件。
中国电梯在亚洲市场占有越来越重要的位置，每年销售量己达l万台左右，约占亚洲市场的1/50，一些合资企业在出口创汇方面也做出了贡献。当今世界，电梯的生产情况与使用数量已经成为衡量一个国家工业现代化程度的标志之一。在一些发达的工业国家，电梯的使用相当普遍。
1.3常用的控制系统及特点
1.3.1继电器控制系统
在工农业、交通运输业等部门中，使用着各种各样的生产机械，它们大都以电动机作为动力进行拖动。电动机是通过某种自动控制方式来进行控制的，最常见的是继电器控制方式。其作用是:实现对电力拖动系统的启动、调速、反转和制动等运行性能的控制；实现对拖动控制系统的保护，满足生产工艺的要求；实现生产过程自动化。
在电梯的控制中，继电器控制系统有以下优点：
（1）、所有控制功能及信号处理均由硬件实现，线路简单，电路图较直观形象，易于理解和掌握，适合于一般技术人员和技术工人掌握。
（2）、系统的保养、维修及故障检查无需较高的技术和特殊的工具、仪器。 （3）、大部分电器均为常用控制电器，更换方便，价格便宜。
（4）、多年来我国一直生产这类电梯，技术成熟，已形成系列化产品，技术资料图纸齐全，熟悉掌握的人员较多。
尽管继电器控制系统有以上很多优点，但电梯继电器控制系统仍存在许多问题，主要有： （1）、系统触点繁多，接线复杂，且触点容易烧坏磨损，造成接触不良，因而故障率较高。 （2）、普通控制电器及硬件接线方法难以实现较复杂的控制功能，使系统的控制功能不易增加，技术水平难以提高。
（3）、由于采用固定接线形式，通用性和灵活性较差，不易改变。 （4）、系统结构庞大，能耗较高，机械动作噪音大。
（5）、由于线路复杂，易出现故障，因而保养维修工作量大，费用高，而且检查故障困难，费
2 机械工程学院机械系
