大学英语四级语法精要
7） 前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.
· Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Do you mind my reading your paper?
They insisted on my staying there for supper.
· 如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称
代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然. I don’t mind him going.
She hates people losing their temper.
8） 只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop,
can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss
9） 既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate,
dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.
· 有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思. 在
remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的. I remember seeing her once somewhere. I regret not having accepted your advice. I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.
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大学英语四级语法精要
We must try to get everything done in time.
10）悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态. · Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking
是we的动作, 正确)
Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正确) 三、 分词
（一）意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义;
而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词, 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.
1、frozen food；a freezing wind；a bored traveler；a boring journey；
a lost cause；a losing battle；a conquered army；a conquering army；a finished article；the last finishing touch；the spoken word ；a speaking bird；a closed shop；the closing hour；a recorded talk ；a recording machine
2、来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样
用的仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors. 3、用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义
上相当于关系分句.
Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends. （二）句法作用
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大学英语四级语法精要
1、作定语: distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄,
armed forces武装部队, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area灾区
· 分词还可构成合成词作定语: simply-furnished room陈设简单的
房间, clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业, heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造卫星
2、 作补足语: 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:
1）see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词. I saw the students assembled in the hall. We found her greatly changed.
2）make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:
I have my hair cut every ten days. She got her bad tooth pulled out.
Please keep us informed of the latest developments. 3）like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词:
I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal. He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.
3、过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.
1）Guided by these principles, they went on with the work, Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.
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大学英语四级语法精要
2）过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从
句.
Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.
3）有时也可说明动作发生的时间, 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句. This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.
4）间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句.
Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong. 5）偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.
Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years. 4、独立结构
1）在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.
致. 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 2）有时可以表示时间: Late that autumn, his work finished, he
prepared to return to his institute.
3）表示原因: Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter. 4）条件: All things considered, her paper is of greater value
than yours. 四、虚拟语气
（一）情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/can't ? should/shouldn't ? might/may (not)
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大学英语四级语法精要
另外两个\类情态词的形式：\
have to
1、 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态）
2、本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、
进行、完成、完成进行。这时\虚拟语气\的产生往往是因为我们要表达\本来应该?\（本来可以?，本来能?） I should go! (? but I'm still here!) (一般) I should be working now! (进行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)!(完成) 我应该多多练习！（言下之意，现在我练习得不多。）
I shouldn't dream away my time too much!(完成的否定) (actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成进行)
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
3、一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉
· suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan；
· demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide； · require, request；
· think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他们的含义中包含\建议，假设，应该\这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形：主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。It's suggested that?；My suggestion is that?；The only suggestion that?；The only suggestion I can give you now is that?
4、一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况 important；necessary；essential It's natural；strange；incredible that a pity; a shame; no wonder 1） 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should 2） 表达与事实相反
· 与现在相反：使用[过去时]：
I wish I were not here! (一般现在?一般过去) Suppose we were not here.
He loved me as if I were his own son.(一般现在?一般过去)
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