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福师《大学英语（2）》第一课 Nature 课堂笔记
Air Pollution
空气污染
Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live.①Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases.②Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.③
空气为我们提供生存所必不可少的氧气。空气中99.9 % 由氮气﹑氧气﹑水蒸气和惰性气体组成。 人类活动释放出的物质进入空气，其中的一些会对人类﹑植物和动物造成影响。
There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and \in the ozone layer.④Each of these problems has serious effects on our health and well-being as well as on the whole environment.
污染有几大类型，所造成的影响广为人知，也经常引发讨论, 包括烟尘﹑酸雨﹑温室效应和臭氧层“空洞”。这些问题已严重影响到我们的健康和幸福，也影响到整个环境。
One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good example of this particular matter. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as \⑤The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air.⑥Some authorities believe that even the burning of wood and charcoal in fireplaces and barbeques can release significant quantities of soot into the air.
一类空气污染是在燃烧燃料获取能源时将粒子排放到空气中。柴油烟雾就是一个显著的例子。这种类型的污染有时被称为“炭黑”污染。汽车﹑住家及工业燃烧燃料所排出的废气是空气中一个主要的污染来源。 一些部门认为，即便是在壁炉中或是在烧烤时燃烧木材和木炭就能释放出大量的煤烟到空气中。
Another type of pollution is the release of harmful gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain.⑦
另一类污染是有毒气体的排放，如二氧化硫、一氧化碳、氮氧化物及化学蒸气。一旦它们进入大气，就会产生更为剧烈的化学反应，形成烟雾和酸雨。
Smog is a type of large-scale outdoor pollution. It is caused by chemical reactions between pollutants derived from different sources, primarily automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. Cities are often centers of these types of activities, and many suffer from the effects of smog, especially during the warm months of the year.
烟雾是一种大规模的户外污染。它是由来源不同的污染物之间的化学反应所导致的，这些污染物主要是汽车尾气和工业废气。城市往往是这类活动的中心。许多人深受烟雾之害，尤其是在一年中温暖的几个月中。
Another consequence of outdoor air pollution is acid rain. When a pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with drops of water in the air, the water or snow can become acidified. The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious .It damages plants by destroying their leaves, it poisons the soil, and it changes the chemistry of lakes and streams. Damage due to acid rain kills trees and harms animals, fish, and other wildlife.
室外空气污染的另一个后果是酸雨。当污染物，如硫酸，与空气中的水滴结合，雨或雪就会变成酸性。酸雨对环境的影响相当严重。它通过摧毁其枝叶损害植物，毒化土壤，还改变湖泊和溪流的化学成分。酸雨造成的损害破坏树木，危害动物﹑鱼类和其他野生动物。
The greenhouse effect, also referred to as global warming, is generally believed to come from the buildup of
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奥鹏远程教育中心助学服务部 http://www.open.com.cn carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned. Plants convert carbon dioxide back to oxygen, but the release of carbon dioxide from human activities is higher than the world's plants can process. The situation is made worse since many of the earth's forests are being removed, and plant life is being damaged by acid rain. Thus, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is continuing to increase.
温室效应，也被称为全球气候变暖，一般被认为是来自二氧化碳气体在大气中的积聚。燃料燃烧时产生了二氧化碳。植物又把二氧化碳变回氧气，但人类活动所释放的二氧化碳的数量超出了植物的加工能力。这种情况现在变得更加严重，因为地球上的许多森林被砍伐，酸雨也破坏了植物的生命。因此，空气中的二氧化碳在不断增加。
Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools.⑧Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking and cooking.
在家中、办公室内和学校里也需要考虑到污染。室内活动，例如吸烟和烹饪，也会制造一些污染物。
In many countries in the world, steps are being taken to stop the damage to our environment from air pollution. Scientific groups study the damaging effects on plant, animal and human life. Legislative bodies write laws to control emissions. Educators in schools and universities teach students about the effects of air pollution.
全世界许多国家正采取措施以制止空气污染对环境的破坏。科学小组研究其对植物、动物和人类生活的破坏性后果。立法机构拟定法律，以控制废气排放。中小学校和大学的教育工作者把空气污染的影响教给学生。
The first step to solve air pollution is assessment. Researchers have investigated outdoor air pollution and have developed standards for measuring the type and amount of some serious air pollutants. Scientists must then determine how much exposure to pollutants is harmful. Once exposure levels have been set, steps can be taken to reduce exposure to air pollution. These can be accomplished by regulation of man-made pollution through legislation. Many countries have set controls on pollution emissions for transportation vehicles and industry.
解决空气污染问题的第一个步骤是评估。研究人员已经调查了室外的空气污染，并制定了标准以计量一些导致严重后果的空气污染物的种类和数量。科学家们必须由此确定多少污染物暴露在空气中是有害的。一旦暴露水平被确立，就可以减少导致空气污染的暴露。可以通过立法调节人为制造的污染问题。许多国家已经对交通工具和工业的污染排放量进行了控制。
Prevention is another key to controlling air pollution. The regulatory agencies mentioned above play an essential role in reducing and preventing air pollution in the environment.控制空气污染的另一个关键是预防。上述的监管机构在减少和防止环境中的空气污染方面起着至关重要的作用。
In addition, it is possible to prevent many types of air pollution that are not regulated through personal, careful attention to our interactions with the environment. Only through the efforts of scientists, business leaders, legislators, and individuals can we reduce the amount of air pollution on the planet.⑨This challenge must be met by all of us in order to assure that a healthy environment will exist for ourselves and our children.⑩
此外，通过个人对我们与环境之间的互动的认真关注，有可能防止多类未加以规范的空气污染。只有通过科学家、商界领袖、立法者和个人的共同努力，我们才能减少地球上空气污染的数量。我们所有人都必须面对这一挑战，以保证我们自己和子孙后代生活在一个健康的环境之中。
1. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. 空气为我们提供生存所必不可少的氧气。 1）“which”引导了一个限定性定语从句修饰 “oxygen”。 “supply”通常指定期 “供应”，强调替代或补充所需物品，常用于 “supply sb. with sth.”或 “supply sth. to/for sb.”等固定搭配中。
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Cows supply us with milk. 母牛供给我们牛奶。
Our task is to supply vegetables all year round. 我们的任务是一年四季提供蔬菜。
2）supply作名词表示 “储备”, 用于复数表示储备事物的种类。
【相关短语】：in short supply 短缺
【辨析】：offer, provide和give
三者都有“提供，给”之意, 但含义不同。 “offer”既可表示主动慷慨地给别人提供某物，也可表示无主动之情地提供，常用于 “offer sb. sth.”或 “offer sth. to sb.”等固定搭配中。
Two days later I received a letter offering me the job. 两天后我收到了一封信，给我提供了这份工作。
The guesthouse offers all kinds of food to foreign visitors. 这家招待所为外宾供应各种食品。
“provide”用于表示无主动慷慨之意地为人或物提供需要或有用的东西，仅仅是出于某种责任，常用于 “provide sb. with sth.”或 “provide sth. for sb.”等固定搭配中。
The children are provided with good food and clothing. 孩子们有良好的衣食供应。
It is the duty of the government to provide homes for the old. 政府有义务为老年人提供住所。
“give”常用于 “give sb. sth.”或 “give sth. to sb.”等固定搭配中。
2. Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. 空气中99.9% 由氮气﹑氧气﹑水蒸气和惰性气体组成。
百分数用基数+percent表示。 fifty percent 50％ three percent 3％
zero point one two percent 0.12％
这里的 “percent”前半部 “per”表示 “每一”，后半部分 “cent”表示 “百”，所以表示 “百分之几”的 “percent”不用复数形式。 【辨析】：percent，percentage
这两个名词均可表示“百分比”之意。
“percent”或“per cent”为拉丁语“per centum”的缩略，通常和一个具体数字连用，指具体的百分比。 “percentage”不受数字修饰，不指具体的百分比，通常用在一些形容词或起形容词作用的词（如large， small等）之后，也可单独使用。
Only twenty percent of families living in the cities owned a television in 1980s. 在20世纪80年代，城市里只有20%的家庭有电视机。
A large percentage of the population has their own houses. 大多数人都有自己的房子了。
【注意】：百分比作修饰语，前面不加冠词且不能加复数；不可数名词的百分比用单数，可数名词的百分比则用复数；表示增加或减少的数量的百分比，用“by+百分数”表示。
3. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.
人类活动释放出的物质进入空气，其中的一些会对人类﹑植物和动物造成影响。
“which”在后置的非限制性定语从句中代替上文出现的事物或情况。在此句中，它的先行词是“substances”。
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“cause”作动词是“引起”的意思，作名词是“原因”的意思。 “cause”主要指导致某种结果或客观存在的原因，它是相对于“effect”来说的。“cause of”意为“??的起因”。
Was the noise a cause of the illness, or were the complaints about noise merely a symptom？ 噪音是病因呢，还是对噪音的抱怨仅仅是一种症状呢？
Every effect must have an adequate cause. 每一种结果都必须有充分的原因。
4. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and \ 它们包括烟尘﹑酸雨﹑温室效应和臭氧层“空洞”。
句中的“acid rain”指因排入大气的硫、氧化氮等污染物质在雨滴中生成硫酸、硝酸而导致的酸雨。 【辨析】：fog， mist和smog 这些名词都可表示“雾”之意。
“fog”指较浓的雾、大雾。
There will be a thick fog tomorrow morning. 明天早上将有大雾。
“mist”指轻雾、薄雾，比“fog”淡，也可以称为“霭”。“mist”既指自然界中的雾，也指因情绪波动眼中生出的雾翳。
The mist came down over the mountains.
薄雾降下笼罩群山。
He looked at his hometown through the mist of tears. 他透过朦胧的泪眼看着故乡。
“smog”意为“烟雾”，它是由“smoke”与“fog”合成而来的，也可指工业区的烟和雾相混合而造成的又黑又浓的烟雾。
There is some smog over the village because the villagers began to cook. 村庄上烟雾缭绕，因为村民们开始做饭了。
5. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as \ 这种类型的污染有时被称为“炭黑”污染。
“refer to” 的具体用法如下。
（1）表示“查阅”或“参考”之意。
If you want to know his telephone number, you may refer to the telephone directory. 如果你想知道他的电话号码，你可以查电话簿。 （2）表示“谈到”或“提到”之意。 Please don't refer to his past again. 请别再提他的往事了。
The old soldier referred to his experiences during the Long March. 老战士谈到了长征时的一些经历。 （3）表示“适用于”或“涉及”之意。 These books refer to Asian problems. 这些书涉及亚洲问题。
These regulations refer only to children. 这些规矩只适用于儿童。
“refer to ... as ...”意为“把??称作??”。
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He is referred to as a living Lei Feng. 他被称作“活雷锋”。 That man referred to himself as a writer. 那个人称自己为作家。
6. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air. 汽车﹑住家及工业燃烧燃料所排出的废气是空气中一个主要的污染来源。
本句的主语带有一个后置定语，即“from burning fuels in automobiles， homes， and industries”， 修饰“exhaust”。“exhaust”表示“废气”，这是作为名词时的用法。实际上它更常用于动词，表示“用完，耗尽”。 exhaust one's patience 失去耐心
She did not cry out; tears were exhausted. 她没有哭出来，眼泪都已哭干了。
The travelers were exhausted, looking forward to a good night's sleep. 游客们筋疲力尽，盼望着晚上能睡个好觉。
7. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain.
一旦它们进入大气，就会产生更为剧烈的化学反应，形成烟雾和酸雨。
在英语中，“once”一词用法较多，意思也比较丰富，既可以用作副词，也可以用作连词。其具体用法如下。 （1）“once”用作连词时，意为“一旦??就??”，用于连接时间状语从句，相当于“as soon as”。
Once you start, you will never give up. 一旦你开始了，你就不要放弃。 Once you begin to read it, you will like it. 一旦你开始读，你就会喜欢它。
【注意】：① “once”引导的是时间状语从句，从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。② “once”与“as soon as/the moment”一样，都可表示主句的动作紧接在从句的动作之后发生，但其有着细微的区别：“once”强调的是条件，而“as soon as/the moment”则强调时间。
（2）“once”用作副词时，意为“曾经，一度，从前”。它是一个不确定的时间副词，其位置一般是在行为动词之前，系动词之后。
Once he lived in America, but now he lives in England. 他曾经生活在美国，但现在他生活在英国。 His song was once very popular among the young people. 他的歌一度在年轻人中很流行。
（3） “once”用作副词时，也有“一次”的意思。“两次”是“twice”，“三次”是“three times”，“四次”是“four times”，以此类推。
The old professor comes to see us once a week.
那个老教授一周来看我们一次。 Tell us the story once more. 把故事再给我们讲一次。 【注意】：“once”用作副词时，在句中的位置不同表示的意思也不同。 I once went to Shanghai. 我曾经去过上海。 I went to Shanghai once.
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