Tense时态
A form of the verb that shows whether something happens in the past, present or future, e.g.Past perfect simple and continuous,progressive过去完成时及进行时
After I had phoned Mary, I went out. (past perfect simple)
I had been studying for three hours, so I felt quite tired. (past perfect continuous, progressive)Past simple and past continuous,progressive一般过去时及进行时
I was talking(past continuous, progressive)to my friend when the taxi came. (past simple)Present continuous,progressive for future进行时表将来
What are you doing at the weekend?
Present perfect simple and continuous,progressive现在完成时及进行时
I have known him for a long time(present perfect simple).
I have been studying for three years(present perfect continuous, progressive).
Present simple and continuous,progressive一般现在时及进行时
I work at a school(present simple) andI am working in London now(present continuous, progressive).Third conditional:seeconditional forms.
Third person第三人称
Averbor apronounwhich shows that somebody or something is being spoken about, e.g. He, she, it,they.
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Time expression时间表达式
A word or phrase that indicates a time period, such asafter,by, e.g.I will meet you after the lesson.Uncountable noun:seenoun.
Used to过去常常做某事
A structure that shows something happened in the past but does not happen now, e.g.I used to live inLondon,but now I live in Paris.
Verb动词
The word which follows the subject of a sentence, and is sometimes described as the ‘action’ word, e.g.I like cheese;
He speaks Italian.
Anauxiliary verbis a verb used with other verbs to make questions, negatives and tenses, e.g.be,do,have.助动词
Thebase form of the verbis the infinitive form of a verb without ‘to’, e.g.go.动词的基本形式Theinfinitiveform is thebase form of a verbwith ‘to’. It is used after another verb, after an adjectiveor noun or as the subject or object of a sentence, e.g. 'I want to study’, ‘It’s difficult to understand’.动词不定式
Anirregular verbdoes not follow the same rule as regular verbs. Each irregular verb has its own wayof forming the past simple and past participle, e.g.go went(past simple) gone(past participle).不规则动词
Amodal verbis a verb used with other verbs to show ideas such as ability or obligation or possibility.Theyincludecan,must,will,should, e.g.I can speak French, but I should study even harder.情态动词
Aregular verbchanges its forms by adding-edin the past simple and past participle, e.g.walk walked规则动词
(past simple).
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Verb pattern动词搭配
The form of the words following the verb, e.g.he advised me to get there early. (advise+ objectpronoun +to+base
form)
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LEXIS词汇
Affix词缀
A meaningful group of letters added to the beginning or end of a word to make a new word.Affixationis the process of adding aprefixorsuffixto word.
Aprefixis a meaningful group of letters added to the beginning of a word,
e.g.appear–disappear.前缀Asuffixis a meaningful group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word which can be adifferent part of speech, e.g.care–careful.后缀
Antonym反义词
The opposite of another word, e.g.hotis the antonym ofcold.
Collocation搭配
Words which are used together regularly, e.g.The teacher made a presentationNOTThe teacherperformed a presentation.
Compounds合成词
Nouns, verbs, adjectives or prepositions that are made up of two or more words, e.g.assistant officemanager,bring back,long-legged,due to.
False friend容易误认的词汇
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A word in the target language which looks or sounds as if it has the same meaning as a similar word inthelearners’first language but does not.
Homophone同音词
A word which sounds the same as another word, but has a different meaning or spelling, e.g.I knew hehad won;I bought a new book.
Idiom习语
A group of words that are used together, in which the meaning of the whole word group is different fromthe meaning of each inpidual word, e.g.She felt under the weathermeans thatshe felt ill.Lexical set词群
A group of words or phrases that are about the same topic, e.g.weather–storm,to rain,wind,cloudyetc.
Lexis
Inpidual words or sets of words, e.g.homework,study,whiteboard,get dressed,be on time.Multi-word verb:seephrasal verb.
Part(s) of speech
A description of the function of a word or a phrase in a sentence,
e.g.noun,verb,adjective.Phrasal verb,multi-word verb短语动词及由多个词构成的动词短语
A verb which is made up of more than one word (e.g. averb+adverbparticle orpreposition) whichhas a different meaning from each inpidual word, e.g.look after–A mother looks after her children.Prefix:seeaffix.前缀
Suffix:seeaffix.后缀
Synonym
A word which has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word,
e.g.niceis a synonym ofpleasant.
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PHONOLOGY语音
Spoken language in which the words join to form a connected stream of sounds.
Consonant辅音
Any letter of the English alphabet except the vowelsa,e,i,o uand sometimesy. Seevowel._____________________________________________________________ _________________________________
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Contraction缩写
A shorter form of a word or words, e.g.you have=you’ve;it is=it’s.
Diphthong双元音
A vowel combination usually involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, e.g./a
/as inmy.
Feature (e.g. of connected speech)特征
A feature of something is an interesting or important part or characteristic of it.
Intonation语调
The way the level of a speaker’s voice changes, often to show how they feel about something, e.g. ifthey are angry or pleased. Intonation can be rising or falling or both.
Linking连读
The way different sounds can link into each other in connected speech, e.g.it’s a good day–/ ts ?de /
Main stress:seestress.主重音
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Minimal pair
Two words which are different from each other only by one meaningful sound, and by their meaning,e.g.hear,fear.
Phoneme音位
The smallest sound unit which can make a difference to meaning e.g. /p/ inpan, /b/ inban. Phonemeshave their own symbols (phonemic symbols), each of which represents one sound. Words can bepresented inphonemic script音位标记
(usually International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA), e.g. /d kt /–doctor.Phonemic transcriptionisused in dictionaries to aid pronunciation.
Rhyme押韵
1. Words that sound the same, e.g.hat,cat.
2. A song or poem with words that sound the same at the end of each line
I believe I can fly.
I believe I can touch the sky.
Rhythm韵律
A regular pattern ofstressandsyllablelength.
Schwa:seestress.中元音
Sentence stress:seestress.句子重音
Stress
Sentence stressis where different words in a sentence are stressed. In English these are usually theinformation-carrying words. In the sentenceIt was a lovely evening,and the temperature was perfect,themain stress, when spoken, is probably on the wordperfect. Stress can therefore be used to showmeaning,to emphasise a particular point or feeling.
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Strong/weak forms重读及弱读
If the word is unstressed, theweak formof vowels may be used, e.g.I
can(/k n/)speak Italian,French,English and Spanish. The sound / / is called theschwa.
If a word is important, then the strong form is used, and the pronunciation changes, e.g.I can(/kaen/)speak a little Spanish in an emergency.
Word stressis the pronunciation of asyllablewith more force than the surrounding syllables which aresaid to beunstressed, e.g.umbrella.
Sometimes, a word may have two stresses, in which case one syllable takes themain stress. In thewordindependent, for example ‘pen’ takes the main stress.
