MODULE 1
Concepts and terminology for describing language
描述语言的术语及概念
GRAMMAR语法
Active voice主动语态
passive voice.被动语态
Adjective形容词
comparative adjective形容词比较级
demonstrative adjective指代形容词
possessive adjective所有格形容词（代词所有格）
Asuperlative adjective形容词最高级
Adverb副词
Auxiliary verb:助动词
Article冠词
An article can be definite (the), indefinite (a) or zero (-), e.g.I was at (-) home in the sitting room when Iheard a noise.
Aspect
A way of looking atverbforms not purely in relation to time. The perfect, continuous and simple areaspects. The continuous aspect, for example, suggests that something is happening temporarily.Base form of the verb:动词基本形式
Clause从句
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A clause consists of a verb and (generally) a subject. A clause can be a full sentence or a part of asentence.
Main clause主句
When the teacher arrived,the students stopped talking.
Subordinate clause从句
When the teacher arrived,the students stopped talking.
Relative clause定语从句
The students who were sitting near the front stood up.
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? UCLES Cambridge ESOL 20052
Collective noun:集合名词
Compound noun:复合名词
Conditional条件句
First conditional,第一条件句
Second conditional,第二条件句
Third conditional.第三条件句
Conjunction连词
A conjunction (or connector) is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences, e.g.I like tea butI don’t like coffee because it’s too strong for me.
Connector:连词
Countable noun:可数名词
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Demonstrative adjective:指示形容词.
Demonstrative pronoun:指示代词.
Dependent preposition:非独立介词
Determiner限定词
A determiner is used to make clear which noun is referred to, or to give information about quantity, andincludes words such asthe,a,this,that,my,some,
e.g.That car is mine.
Direct speech直接引语
The actual words someone says, e.g.He said, ‘My name is Ron.’
First conditional:seeconditional forms.
Gerund,-ing form动名词形式
A noun which is made from the present participle form of a verb, e.g.I hate shopping.
Grammatical structure语法结构
The arrangement of words into meaningful sentences. A grammatical structure is also a grammaticallanguage item, e.g. present perfect simple.
Imperative祈使句
The form of averbthat gives an order or instruction, e.g.Turn to page 10.
Indirect question
The words someone uses when they are telling someone what somebody else asked, e.g.Peter askedSue what she meant.
An indirect question can also be used when someone wants to ask something in a more polite way, e.g.‘I was wondering if you could help me’ (indirect questi on) instead of ‘Could you help me?’ (directquestion).
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Seedirect question.
Indirect speech:seereported statement.间接引语
Infinitive:seeverb.不定式
Infinitive of purpose表示目的的不定式
This is used to express why something is done, e.g.I went to the lesson to learn English.-ing/-ed adjective:seeadjective.形容词加ing或ed形式
Intensifier加强语气的词汇
A word used to make the meaning of another word stronger, e.g.He’s much taller than his brother;I’mvery tired.
Interrogative疑问句
A question form.
Irregular verb:seeverb.不规则动词
Main clause:seeclause.主句
Modal verb:seeverb.情态动词
Noun名词
A person, place or thing, e.g.elephant,girl,grass,school.
Acollective nounis a noun which includes a group of people or things, e.g.the police,the government.集合名词
Acompound nounis a combination of two or more words which are used as a single word, e.g.aflower复合名词
shop,a headache.
Acountablenoun has a singular and plural form, e.g.book books.可数名词
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Anuncountablenoun does not have a plural form, 0b410bcf0166f5335a8102d276a20029bc646328rmation.不可数名词
Aproper nounis the name of a person or place, e.g.Robert,London.专有名词
Asingular nounis one person, place or thing.单数名词
Aplural nounis more than one person, place or thing and can be regular or irregular, e.g.boys,women.复数名词
Object宾语
This is a noun or phrase that describes the thing or person that is affected by the action of a verb, e.g.Isaw Mary in the classroom.Seesubject.
Participle (past and present)现在分词及过去分词
The form of the verb that is used to make tenses or adjectives, e.g.an interesting film(presentparticiple);I haven’t seen him today. (past participle)
Passive voice被动语态
In apassivesentence, something is done to or happens to the subject of the verb, e.g. The tree was hitby the car.
Seeactive voice.
Past perfect simple and continuous,progressive:seetense.过去完成时及进行时
Past simple and past continuous,progressive:seetense.一般过去时及进行式
Personal pronoun:seepronoun.人称代词
Phrase短语
Possessive ‘s’ and whose所有格‘s
Ways of showing or asking who something belongs to, e.g. ‘Whose book is it?’ ‘It’s Sue’s’.Preposition介词
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A word used before a noun, noun phrase or pronoun to connect it to another word, e.g.He was in thegarden.
Adependent prepositionis a word that is always used with a particular noun, verb or adjective, e.g.interested in,depend on,bored with.
Present continuous,progressive for future:seetense.现在进行时
Present perfect simple and continuous,progressive:seetense.现在完成时及进行时Present simple and continuous,progressive:seetense.一般现在时及进行时
Pronoun代词
A word that replaces or refers to a noun or noun phrase just mentioned.
Demonstrative pronoun, e.g.this,that.指示代词
Object pronoun, e.g.him.代词宾格
Personal pronoun, e.g.I(subject pronoun),me(object pronoun)人称代词
Possessive pronoun, e.g.mine名词性代词
Reflexive pronoun, e.g.myself反身代词
Relative pronoun, e.g.which关系代词
Proper noun:seenoun.
Punctuation标点符号
The symbols or marks used to organise writing intoclauses,phrasesand sentences to make themeaning clear, e.g. full stop, capital letter, apostrophe and comma.
Quantifier量词
A word or phrase such as ‘much’, ‘few’ or ‘a lot of’ which is used with a noun to showan amount, e.g.Idon’t have much time; I have a lot of books.
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Question tag问号
A phrase such as ‘isn’t it?’ or ‘doesn’t he?’ that is added to the end of a sentence to make it a question,or to check that someone agrees with the statement, e.g.It’s very cold,isn’t it?
Reflexive pronoun:seepronoun.
Regular verb:seeverb.规则动词
Relative clause:seeclause.定语从句
Relative pronoun:seepronoun.关系代词
Reported statement间接引语
When someone’s words are reported by another person, e.g.She said she was sorry. Seeindirectquestion.
Reporting verb间接引语中使用的动词
A verb such as ‘tell’, ‘advise’, ‘suggest’ used inindirect speechto report what someone has said, e.g.Jane advised John to study harder.
Second conditional:seeconditional forms.
Singular noun:seenoun.
Subject主语
This is the noun or phrase that goes before the verb in a sentence to show who is doing the action, e.g.John plays tennis every Saturday. Seeobject.
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? UCLES Cambridge ESOL 20055
Subject-verb agreement主谓一致
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When the form of the verb matches the person doing the action of the verb, e.g.I walk,he walks. If astudent writesIwalks, then it is wrong because there is no subject-verb agreement.
Subordinate clause:seeclause.从句
Superlative adjective:seeadjective.形容此最高级
