which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别： 类别 限制性定语从句 语法意义及特征 As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. 例句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意The accident happened at the 思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分time when I left. 密切，写时不用逗号分开。 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分非限制性定密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，His mother, whom he loved 语从句 相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代deeply, died ten years ago. 词做宾语时也不能省略。 十．名词性从句 种类 作用 在复合句中做主语，相当于名常用关联词 例句 Whether he will come or not 主语从词，一般置谓语之前，也可用doesn’t matter much. 句 it作形式主语，主语从句放主that, whether, if, Whoever comes here will be 句之后 as if, as though, welcome. 表语从在复合句中做表语，相当于名who, whose, which, how, 句 词，位于系动词之后 when, where, 宾语从在复合句中做宾语，相当于名why, what, 句 词 whatever, 放在名词之后(news, problem, whoever, wherever 同位语idea, suggestion, advice, 从句 thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容 十一。状语从句 种类 连接词 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 地点状语 原因状语 where, wherever because, as, since, now that 注意点 主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。 because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。 It looks as if it is going to snow. He asked me which team could win the game. You have no idea how worried we are. The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us. 时间状语 16
条件状语 目的状语 结果状语 比较状语 方式状语 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that so that, in order that, for fear that so…that, such…that than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more as if, as though, as though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替 so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词 as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。 让步状语 as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用 十二。倒装句 种类 倒装条件 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调 完全倒装 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 only和修饰的状语放于句首 例句 Out rushed the children. Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. Hardly did I know what had happened. Only then did he realized the importance of English. not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后Not only does he know French, but also he 不倒 is expert at it. 部分neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. 倒装 so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的So busy is he that he can not go on a 成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 holiday. as引导的让步状语 so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 省略if的虚拟条件 Child as he is, he has learned a lot. He can play the piano. So can i. May you be in good health! Were I you, I would not do it in this way. 17
十三。虚拟语气 类别 与现在事实相反 用法 从句动词：过去式（be用were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 例句 If he were here, he would help us. 与过去事实If引导的相反 条件从句 从句动词：had+过去分词 If I had been free, I 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+would have visited 过去分词 you. 从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / If it should rain were+不定式 tomorrow, we would 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原not go camping. 形 They are talking as if they had been friends for years. 与将来事实相反 as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 其它状语从句 in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / might / would等+动词原形 Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+He suggested that we 动词原形 not change our mind. 宾语从句 I wish I could be a pop wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 singer. 在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / It is strange that such a 主语从句 demanded / ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词person should be our 用should+动词原形 It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形 friends. It’s high time that we left. 其它句型I would rather you would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 中 stayed at home now. If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈If only our dream had 的愿望 come true!
十四。重要句型 1.
It was not until midnight that he finished his task. 2.
Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again. 3.
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The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 4.
He walked around the house, gun in hand. 5.
May you be in good health!
6.
Wish you a pleasant journey back home! 7.
The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes. 8.
What surprised me most was his imagination and patience. 9.
He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head. 10.
Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher. 11.
On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists. 12.
Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud. 13.
No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started. 14.
Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics. 15.
How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields! 16.
There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room. 17.
Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory. 18.
There goes the bell. 19.
Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here. 20.
It is no use crying for help. 21.
If only I had been your student in the middle school! 22.
It is believed that such a thing will not happen again. 23.
Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this. 24.
“He works particularly hard.” “So he does, and so do you.”
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25.
Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another. 26.
Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.
十五。动词搭配
1. add to增加，增进
add … to把…加进…
add up相加
add up to总计，所有这一切说明
1) I don't think these facts will ________ anything.
2) Fifty new books have been ________ the library.
3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.
4) You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________.
( add up to, added to, add to, added…up )
2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉
break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开
break off暂停，中断
break in强行进入，插话
break into闯入
break into pieces成为碎片
break out爆发
break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散
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