have to 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化） don’t have to do Do…have to do…? Yes,…do. No,…don’t. ought to Ought…to do…? 应当（表示义务责任，口语中ought not to/oughtn’t Yes,…ought. 多用should to do No,…oughtn’t. 将要，会 用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 Shall…do…? shall not/shan’t do Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. Should…do…? Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. Used…to do…? Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Did…use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. shall should will would dare 应当，应该（表义务责任） 本该（含有责备意味） should not/shouldn’t do will not/won’t do 意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中wouldwould not/wouldn’t 比较委婉 do 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） 需要 dare not/daren’t do need 必须（常用于否定句和疑问句need not/needn’t do 中） used used to 过去常常（现在已不再） not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测： 以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生） Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中) III. 情态动词注意点：
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1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。 2. used to和would:
used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。
3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
八．非谓语动词
I.
非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成： 非谓语形式 to do 不定式 to be doing to have done 时态和语态 to be done to have been done being done having been done done doing 构成 特征和作用 否定式 复合结构 具有名词，副词和形容词的for sb. to do sth. 作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 在非谓 语前加not 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 现在分doing 分词 词 having done 过去分词 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 being done 动名词 having been having done done II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较： 情况 sb’s doing 常用动词 只接不定式做宾hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, 语的动词 afford, determine, promise, happen mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider 只接动名词做宾can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged 语的动词或短语 in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 两者 意义基本相begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接同 动名词多指一般或习惯行为） 12
都可以 意义相反 need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未go on to do（接着做另外一件发生） 事） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经go on doing（接着做同一件事） 发生） try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意识是，意味着） 意义不同 can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别： 常见动词 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生I heard him call me several 不定式 或已经完成 times. have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, 过去分词 find, keep, have, feel IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别： 区别 举例 主谓关系。强调动作正在进I found her listening to the 行，尚未完成 radio. 动宾关系。动作已经完成，We found the village 多强调状态 greatly changed. 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将I have a lot of papers to type. 不定式 来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式I have a lot of papers to be typed. 表示在谓语动词之前发生 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 现在分词 过去分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语the boiling water / the boiled water 动作同时发生 the developing country/the 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves 谓语动作之前，现已经完成 V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别： 区别 举例 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以My dream is to become a 不定借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主teacher. 式 语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提To obey the law is important. 13
问主语或表语。 (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用) 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表It is no use saying that again and 动名示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也again. 词 可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 Teaching is my job. 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，The situation is encouraging. 可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可The book is well written. 被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。 (常见分词有astonishing, 分词 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特moving, tiring, disappointing, 征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被puzzling, shocking, boring, 动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多amusing及其-ed形式) 是人。
九．定语从句
I.
定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词 who 先行词 从句成分 人 主语 例句 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am whom 人 宾语 working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. whom, which和that在从句I like those books whose topics are about 中做宾语时，history. 常可以省略，The boy whose father works abroad is 但介词提前时my deskmate. 后面关系代词A plane is a machine that can fly. 不能省略，也She is the pop star (that) I want to see 不可以用that very much. The book (which) I gave you was worth which 物 主语，宾语 $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. He is such a person as is respected by all as做宾语一般of us. 不省略 This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 14
备注 whose 关系代词 that 人，物 定语 人，物 主语，宾语 as 主语，宾人，物 语
when 关系副词 where why 时间 地点 原因 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met 可用on which there. 可用in which 可用for which 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别： 情况 用法说明 1． 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 2． 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4． 先行词既指人又指物时 5． 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 例句 1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a 只用that的情况 6． speech? 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 1． 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 只用which, 2． who, whom的在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句情况 中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are 3． usually respected by others. 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 III. as与which的区别： 定语从句 限制性定语从句中 非限制性定语从句中 区别 例句 He is not such a fool as he looks. 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系Don’t read such books as you can’t 代词用as,不能用which understand. as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如They won the game, as we had expected. 果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主They won the game, which we hadn’t 句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而15
expected.
