迎接高考英语语法复习

2025-06-28

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▲祈使句的否定式: Don‘t +动词原形 + 其他 如:Please don‘t talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。) / Don‘t look back! (不要掉头看。)

[注意] 以“let‘s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let‘s”后面。如:Let‘s not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)

肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来加强语气。如:Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)

6、感叹句:感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“!”

▲对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是: What + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如:What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩!) / What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕!)

▲仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是:How + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心!) / How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃!) / How beautiful! (真美呀!)

▲有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。He is sitting on a tiger‘s back! (他坐在老虎的背上!) / A nice shot! (漂亮一击!) / Good goal! (好球!)

十一、句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补

足语和状语

1、主语:

(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的,主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么,表示句子说的是“什么人”,或”什么事“,如“我写字”中的“我”,做出写字这个动作。“写”则是谓语,“字”是宾语,是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象,因此是宾语。如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)

(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(比较好看,避免头重脚轻)

(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn‘t matter. ((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)

(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:The man looks worried, doesn‘t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren‘t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)

(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)

(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如:Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿?) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?) (7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)

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(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。

2、谓语:是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”,在

主语后接宾语,又称受词,是一个动作的接受者。 (1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如:

He travelled in space for the first time .(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) / (2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:[情态动词]+[时态助动词](现在完成时)+[语态助动词](如被动语态)+[主要动词](不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:

I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He can‘t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)

(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。 记住使用下列正确形式:

①情态动词+原形动词。如:You‘d better go over the lesson.(你最好复习这一课。) ②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如:They should have been there once.(他们应该去过

那儿。)

③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)---表示一般将来时/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。)

④have+过去分词。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上) ⑤一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子过的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?)

⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做个兽医。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。)

(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。

(5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”;复数形式的动词有:are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。 谓语部分第一个动词的形式 单数形式 复数形式 are 一般现在时be(是)动词; am (单一); are (单二); 现在某些时态和语态的助动词be is (单三); were 一般过去时be(是)动词; was (单一); were (单二); 过去某些时态和语态的助动词be was;(单三) have 一般现在时have(有)动词; have (单一); have (单二); 现在完成时态的助动词have has (单三); 一般现在时行为动词和助动词do do (单一、单二); does (单三) do 实意动词和连系动词的一般现在原形动词(单一、单二); 原形动词 时动词(否定和疑问句除外) 动词+s /es (单三) 其他各时态语态的谓语动词 单复数形式相同

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记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。(参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:”) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)

(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn‘t it? ----Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗?----是的。)

3、宾语:又称受词,是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类,其中直接宾语(经常指被做的人)指动作的直接对象,间接宾语说明动作的非直接,但受动作影响的对象。一般而言,及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语,而该宾语通常为直接宾语,有些及物动词要求两个宾语,则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语,另一个为间接宾语。 (1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承

受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。) (不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons. (他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。) (动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children‘s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。) (从句作宾语)

(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物

动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗?)

(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放

在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:What did he see? (他看见了什么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信?)

(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如:

Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。) (5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构: ①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如:He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)

②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如: Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.

(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形

式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job. (7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。

4、表语:

(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、

代词等充当。如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(谁呀?)

(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进行

提问的句子除外。

(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如:It‘s I. (It‘s me.)是我。

(4) 只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。

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He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。) (5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。 5、定语:

(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不

定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)

(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序: 冠词/ 物代 a the my his … 年龄/形状/ 大小/温度 old,young,… long,short, round, square… big, large, small, little… hot, cold, warm, cool… 色彩 red, yellow, blue, … 来源 Chinese, English, American, … 质地/ 材料 wooden, woolen, glass, silk, paper … 目的/ 用途 meeting, tennis, sports, reading, swimming, … 被修饰的名词(中心词) box, shoes, room, pig … (3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)

(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught

yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。) (5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如:He remembered everything unusual. (他记

得所有不寻常的事情。)

(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见 定语从句。

(7) 注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子

的主要成分。 6、状语:

(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副

词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开) (2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活,详见《六·2》“副词在句子中的位置以及作用”;介词短语

作状语,位置基本固定,详见《七·4》“介词短语在句子中的位置”;不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语形式”;从句作状语,详见《主从复合

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句》的“状语从句”。

(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如:

He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /

(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。

(5) 注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。

7、宾语补足语:

(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形

式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如:Call him Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。)

(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你

说,让他进来!)/ Please put it away. (请把它收起来。) (3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语的情况,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语形式”相关内容。

十二、简单句五种基本句型:

句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型:

1、基本句型的词序: 2、划分符号(没有统一规定,仅供参考): 主谓句型:S-Vi。 主语: 定语:( ) 主系表句型:S-Vlink-P 谓语: 状语:[ ] 宾语: 宾补:〈 〉 主谓宾句型:S-Vt.-O 主谓双宾句型:S-Vt-O间宾-O直宾 表语: 3、例句:Jim is working [very hard] [now].(他现在正非常努力地工作。) 主谓宾补句型:S-Vt-O-C She is young. (她年轻。) It looks like rain. (天看上去要下雨。) The boy [always] kicked the dog [with his feet]. (这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗。) He has [never] bought me a toy [since last year]. (从去年起他没给我买过一个玩具。)

He felt something (cold) .(他感到有个冰冷的东西顺着腿上爬。)

4、英语词类与句子成分关系图: 句子成分 主语* 谓语 词类或短语 名词 √√√ × 代词 √√√ × 形容词 × × 数词 √ × 时态语态形式 × √√√ 动 动词不定式 √√ × 动名词 √√ ×

宾语* √√√ √√√ × √ × √√ √√√ 表语* √√ √√ √√√ √ × √ √ 定语* √ √√ √√√ √√√ × √ √ 状语* × × × × × √√ × 宾语 补足语 √ × √√ √ × √√√ ×

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2011高中英语语法归纳总结 一、名词

【知识精讲】

名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词。 专有名表示某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等 词 个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun 可数 名词 集体名词 表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family 普通名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air 不可数名词 抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work

一、 名词的数

在熟悉可数名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点: 1. 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如:

physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States

2. 抽象名词表示具体或特定的事例时也可作可数名词,单数前面应有不定冠词。如: (1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“...的人 / 物”。 如:The meeting is a success.

(2) worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等不可数名词,指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时,可以有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months. (3) a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如:He has a good practical knowledge of computer science. 3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如:

machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence 4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如:

chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉 / fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸 / papers试卷; water水 / waters水域,room空间/ rooms房间

5. 只有复数形式的名词,如:

glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes,scissors等,注意加单位名词的用法:a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如:

people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人) 7. 以复数形式出现,表达复数含义,如:

belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops

8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,若侧重各个成员,则用复数,如: audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,public

? The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be. ? My family are going with me. 9. 单复数同形的名词,如:

fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works, li(里), yuan(元), mu(亩)等

? How many deer are there in Dafeng now?

10. 合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一个部分变为复数,如:

sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers, breakfasts, housewives 11. 不规则名词的“数”,如:

woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses, 12 .专有名词的“数”,如:

史密斯一家人 the Smiths 两个玛丽 two Marys 13. 非名词类词汇的“数”,如:

缩写,数字,字母的复数常用加’s的方法来构成 three a?s; two but?s; in one?s twenties; in the 1980?s(1980s)

? Nothing is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟 ? You mightn?t as well use so many and?s in your conversation. 14. 注意以下名词为不可数名词:

advice, baggage, change(零钱), equipment, furniture, fun ,hair, homework, information, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic. 二、 名词所有格

英语中有些名词可以加\来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,

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1. 单数名词词尾加\,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加\,如:

the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。

2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加\,如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。 3. 复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加's, 如:

her brother-in-law's bike, someone else's keys a day or two's rest

4. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示\分别有\;只有一个's,则表示'共有'。

John's and Mary's rooms(两间) John and Mary's room(一间)

5. 在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词,如:在诊所

at the doctor?s 在我姐家at my sister's

6. 双重所有格,of +名词's 结构表示全体中的一部分,如:a friend of my father's ,

works of Lu Xun's

注意:当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同 ? This is a picture of my friend's. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画 ? This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片

三. 名词作定语

1. 一般用单数形式,如:

a stone bridge, a meeting room, morning exercises, a shoe shop

2. 个别名词用复数作定语,sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等,如: sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 a goods train 货车 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系customs house海关

3. man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如: a woman teacher, men workers, women teachers, gentlemen officials 4. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如: two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

二、冠 词

【知识精讲】

一、不定冠词(a/an)

1. 泛指某一类人或事物,相当于any。 A square has four sides.

2. 用于某些物质名词前。

a coffee 一杯咖啡; a tea 一杯茶;a heavy rain 一场大雨; a strong wind 一种强烈的信念 3. 用于专有名词前表示某一个。

a Mr. Green ; 一位格林先生a Mary; a Shakespeare of China 中国的莎士比亚 4. 用于某些固定结构中。

once upon a time , have a rest , take a bath , in a hurry , all of a sudden , as a matter of fact , It?s a pity that… .

5. 用于双重修饰结构中:so / as / that / too / how + adj. + a / an + n. 。 He is so good a teacher that all of us like him. 6. 冠词放在quite, many, such, what等词之后。

It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.

7. 用在事物的“单位”前,如价格、速度、比率的名词前,表示“每一”。 Take this medicine three times a day. 8. 用于同源宾语中:

die a … death ; dream a … dream ; fight a …fight ; sleep a … sleep; live/lead a … life; smile a …smile 二、定冠词(the)

1. 特指某人或物,用于区别同类中的其他人或事物。如: Is this the book you are looking for?

2. 特指世界上独一无二的事物或自然现象。但space表示“太空”,nature表示“大自然”,均不能与冠词连用;但具体的天体前通常加定冠词。如: the stars,the moon,the sun,the universe等。

3. 双方都知道或者在文中第二次提及的人或事物。 We are living a happy life. The life we are living is happy. 4. 用于表示方位的名词前。 the east, the left, the south

5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前,以及对两人或事物进行对比时起特定作用的比较级前。 the tallestboy

第 3 页 共 179 页 He is the taller of the two brothers.

6. in + the + 数词复数式。如:in the early 1920s

7. the + 比较级 + ?, the + 比较级 + ?:; 越?; 就越? 。如: The harder you study English, the more progress you will make. 8. the +姓氏复数:如the Greens, 格林一家

9. the + adj.; the + 分词。如:the rich 富人; the living 生者; the sick 病人; the unemployed 失业者; the ugly 丑的东西 10.by the + 单位名词。如by the hour,按小时计 11.v. + sb. + prep. + the +人体各部位。如: A stone hit John on the head.

12.play + the + 乐器名称。如:play the piano.弹钢琴. 13.用在惯用语中。例如:

in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre 三、零冠词:

1. 零冠词的基本用法:一般性的泛指,甚至表抽象意义。 2. 复数可数名词、不可数名词前不用冠词,表示泛指; 如:Horses are useful animals.

(思考: A horse is useful. / The horse is a useful animal) 3. 称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词; ? We made him president of USA. ? Who’s this, Mother?

4. 球类运动、棋类运动和“三餐”前不用冠词; 如:Have you had supper?

5. 表示季节、月份,星期或含day表节日的名词前不用冠词;

如:March, Christmas, Women’s Day ? (但是:the Spring Festival ??) 6. 前面已经有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用冠词; 如:his book; that cat; any people??

7. 在交通工具、学科名称的名词前不加冠词。如:

by car, by bus, by bike, by train, on foot ,Chinese, English literature 8. 某些习语,固定短语或固定结构中不用冠词。

? husband and wife, knife and fork, face to face, side by side ??

? to church, at home, at night, at school, go to school, in hospital, at table ?? ? Child as he is, he knows a lot of English.

? At last, she turned doctor. (但是:She became a doctor.)

三、代词

代词是用来指代人或事物的词。代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\\疑问代词、不定代词、连接代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。连接代词和关系代词本章不做将讲解,参见其它章节。 一人称代词

人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。 数 单数 复数 人 格 称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 主格 I you he she it 宾格 me you him her it 主格 we you 宾格 us you they them (1).人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:

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①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。

●—Does any of you know where Tom lives? —Me.

●What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!

②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数和格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。 ●The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he代替)

●They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her替代)

③在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。 ●I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.

●I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too. (2).两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则为: ①在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。 ●You ,she and I will be in charge of the case. ②第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。 ●He and she still don?t agree to the plan. (3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。 ①we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。 ②she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。 ●The “Titanic”was the largest, wasn?t she? 二.物主代词

表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性 类 别 数 人 称 第一人称 第二人称 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 my mine your yours 单数 his his her hers 第三人称 its its our ours 第一人称 your yours 复数 第二人称 their theirs 第三人称 ?.形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语。例如:用作主语、宾语和表语。 ● Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语)

● I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作宾语) 三.反身代词

?反身代词可以作主语、宾语、表语或宾语的同位语。 ?反身代词和某些动词连用,构成固定短语。

enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, help oneself to ?反身代词还可用于某些成语中。

for oneself为自己或独立地,of oneself自然地,自动地 by oneself独自地,in oneself本身性质。 四.相互代词(each other, one another)

相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other?s 、one another?s ,作定语。 一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。 五.指示代词(this, that , these, those, such, same)

指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语或表语等。 ?.指示代词this和that的区别。 ①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。 ● This is my desk and that is yours.

● In those days they could not go to school. ②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。 ● I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. ● He hurt his leg yesterday. That?s why he didn?t come.

③this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。

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● You have changed that much. ?.such和same的用法。 ①such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语或定语。 ● Such was the story.

● We have never seen such a tall building. ②same指“同样的”人或事,其前面要用定冠词the,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语. ● The same can be said of the other article. 另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语)

● Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me. 他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语) 六.疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose) ?.疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。 who was her husband? (主语) What do you want? (作宾语) ?.which与who、what

which表示在一定范围内,而who、what则无此限制。 ● I found two books on the desk.Which is yours? ?.注意下列疑问词的使用与汉语的差别。

Population… ? 人口是多少?

Distance…? 距离是多少?

What?s the Price…? 价格是多少? Address…? 住在哪里?

Attitude…? 态度怎样? 七 .不定代词 不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等,但every、no只能作定语。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。 ?.some与any

一般用法:some、any可与可数名词单数、复数及不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句、否定句或条件句。

● He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)

● Some like sports,while others like music.(主语) ● Ask me if you have any questions.(定语) ● I don?t know any of the students.(宾语) 特殊用法: ①any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。 ● Any child can do that.(定语)

● You may take any of them.(宾语) ②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。

● Smith went to some place in England.(定语) ③在期待对方回答yes 时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 ● Would you like some bananas?(邀请) ● Mum,could you give me some money?(请求) ④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。

● I don’t know some of the students.(宾语)

some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any可修饰比较级,常用于否定句或疑问句中,表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫”。如: ● There are some 300 workers on strike. ● Do you feel any better today? ?.one,both,all ①one作主语、宾语、表语或定语,可以指人或物,表示“一个”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是one?s,反身代词是oneself.

● One should try one?s best to serve the people.(主语、定语) ● This is not the one I want.(表语) ②both用作主语、宾语、定语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都”的意思。 ● This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语) ● Both of the boys are here.(主语)

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用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。 ▲陈述句的肯定式: He is a middle school student.(他是个中学生)/ I have a hammer in my hand.(我手上有把锤子)/ She teaches us geography.(她教我们地理)/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.(新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢) ▲陈述句的否定式:

1)谓语动词如果是 be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如:My brother is not a teacher.(我的弟弟不是教师)/ He does not have a cousin.(他没有堂兄弟)/ I will not go there tomorrow.(明天我不去那儿)/ My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.(我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭)/ You must not make such mistakes again.(你不该再犯类似错误了) / We haven‘t discussed the question yet(我们还没有讨论那个问题呢).

2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(don‘t).如: I don‘t know anything about it.(此事我一无所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.(李明不在农村养猪)/ We didn‘t expect to meet her right here.(我们没指望着在这里见到她)/ We didn‘t have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)

3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与have got的否定式相同。 如:I haven‘t (got) any brothers or sisters.(我没有兄弟姐妹) have 的否定形式:

① 当表示“有”的意思时,可以采用以下三种形式:have+not;do not+ have;

have+ no+ n. 如:I have not enough food to eat.= I do not have enough food to eat. =I have no enough food to eat. ② 当have为助动词时,用“have+ not”结构。如:I have not been toShanghai。 ③ 当have既不表示“有”,也不作助动词用时,用“do not+ have”结构。

I didn’t have breakfast this morning.

具体到反义疑问句中,则遵循以下原则:

a.当have表示“有”含义时,反意疑部问部分可以用have形式,也可以用do形式。

例如:

He has a book in his hand, hasn't he? He has a book in his hand, doesn't he?

b.当陈述部分的动词是have“有”的否定形式时,反意疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式,取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如: You haven't a car, have you?

You don't have any money with you, do you?

c.当have不表示“有”含义而表示其他含义时,反意疑问句则必须用do的形式。例如:

We had a good time in the vacation, didn't we?

He has his breakfast at seven everyday, doesn't he? You have to get up early tomorrow, don't you? [注意]

①句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、not…at all等;All of them went there.→None of them went there.(他们全都去了那里→他们全都没去那里)

②句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时, 则视为否定句。如:Few people live there because life there is very hard.(几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了)

③陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如:That‘s your boss?(那就是你的老板?!)

④陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序, 即:主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。

⑤所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。

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如:The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. (老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家)/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?(能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗?)

4、疑问句:

▲一般疑问句:提问所述情况是否符合事实,要求用是还是不是,对还是错(用“yes”或“no”)来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。

1)一般疑问句构成:句中谓语动词是be、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。(即把主语和be,情态动词调换位置),即“be/情态动词+主语+----”如:Is he an engineer?(他是工程师吗?)/ Have you got today‘s newspaper? (你有今天的报纸吗?)(特殊情况)/ Shall we go to see a film this evening? (我们今晚去看电影好吗?)/ Can you explain it ?(你能解释它吗?)/ Is there any fish for supper?(晚饭有鱼吗?)/ Would you like to go out for a walk?(你想出去散步吗?)

谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时, 则在主语前面加助动词do / does / did, 原来的谓语动词改为原形,即“do+主语+动词原形”。如:Do you get up at six every morning?(你天天早晨六点起身吗?)/ Does she study hard?(她学习努力吗?)/ Did you go there yesterday?(昨天你去那儿了吗?) 2)一般疑问句的回答:

一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如:

Will you join us in playing basketball?(你加入我们打篮球好吗?)—Yes, we will.(是的我们会。)/ —No, we won‘t.(不我们不会。)

Have you got today‘s newspaper?(你有今天的报纸吗?)—Yes, I have .(是的有。)/ —No, I haven‘t.(不没有。)

回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。

[注意] 回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。 3)一般疑问句的否定结构:be/助动词/情态动词+not+主语+---- 或:be/助动词/情态动词+主语+not+----如:

Will he not come?=Will not he come?(他难道不来吗?)/ Isn‘t your sister a Party member?=Is your sister not a Party member?(你的姐姐不是党员吗?)/ Don‘t you like the play?=Do you not like the play? 否定疑问句并不单纯的表示提问,它常带有强烈的感情色彩,而且完全式比简略式所表达的语气更强烈:

①常带有惊异,责难或赞叹的语气,如:Haven?t you read the newspaper? 你没看过这份报纸?②有时暗示提问者期待着肯定的回答,如:Shouldn?t we start now? 我们是不是该动身了? Wasn?t it an interesting film? 那部电影不是很有趣吗? ③有时表示邀请或建议,如:Wouldn?t you go with me? 你不和我一起去吗?Won?t you have a cup of coffee? 你不喝杯咖啡吗?

注意:这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构”;如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如:

Can‘t he answer the question? (他不能回答这个问题吗?)

—Yes, he can.(不,他能回答这个问题。) —No,he can‘t. (是的,他不能回答这个问题。)(不管怎么问,如果事实上是“是的”,则用yes,如果事实上“不是,不能做某件事的”,则说“no”。

▲特殊疑问句:询问其语句中所缺失的部分,或者说,是要求得到暂时不知道的信息:什么,哪里,怎么样,多少,等等。

特殊疑问句是提问实质内容的(要求得到有实质内容回答的,而不简单的回答是否)。特殊疑问词,就是用来代替句子中缺失的东西——你要询问的东西的。 What + is it?

Who + is your teacher?

从这里也看到了,不管从语法角度,还是实际理解角度,如果单是后面的一般疑问句,它

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是不完整的。

1)特殊疑问句结构是:疑问词+ 一般疑问句+-----? 疑问代词 除who以外的疑问代词短语 +一般疑问句+? 疑问副词 如:What do you want?(你要什么?)/ Who(m) are you looking for ?(你在找谁?)/ Whose magazine is this?(这是谁的杂志?)/Which class are you in?(你在哪班?)/ When did you get up this morning?(你今早什么时候起身的?)/ Where have you been?(你到哪儿去了?)/ Why did he go to bed so early?(他为什么这么早睡觉?)/ How did you go there?(你是怎么去的那儿?) 非重点,可以省略:但是,―who‖引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同:如:Who is dancing over there?(谁在那边跳舞?),Who dances best in your class? 班级里谁跳舞最好?

有时“what‖,“which‖,“whose‖也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如:What is on the wall?(什么东西在墙上?/墙上有什么?)/ Which is yours?(哪个是你的?)/ Whose book is in your bag?(谁的书在你的书包里?)(谓语动词是be时) [注意]从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将剔除掉划线部分的句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用!如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。 2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词:

疑问代词: who, whom, whose, which, what, 疑问副词: when, where, why, how, how构成的短语:how many (多少个) (独立用;或跟可数名词), how much (多少) (独立用;或跟不可数名词), how old (多大年纪), how far (多远), how often (多常),how long (多久,多长), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。

3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如:Why don‘t you ask Jim instead?(常缩略为Why

not…?) (你为什么不转请Jim呢?)

4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如:When and where were you born? (你是何时何地出生的?)

5) 疑问词如果是介词的宾语, 则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如:What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一台电脑呢?)

▲反意疑问句: 反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”

或“no”来进行回答。

1) 构成:陈述句+附加问句。由两部分组成:前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,

它是由be ,have, 助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构;反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分, 必须保持人称和时态的一致;反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。 陈述句部分 附加问句部分 注 意 点 肯定陈述句 否定的简短一般问句 当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用否定陈述句 肯定的简短一般问句 该词;否则就使用do/does//did. 如:He is old, isn‘t he? (他老了不是吗?) / The man went away, didn‘t he? (那个男人走开了不是吗?) / He isn‘t old, is he? (他不老是吗?) / He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那里是吗?) 2) 反意问句的回答:

无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循:“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式” 如:The man went away, didn‘t he?(那人走开了,不是吗?)

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——Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didn‘t.(不,他没有走。) The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗?) ——Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didn‘t.(是呀,他不去。)

特殊句型:

1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won?t you构成反义疑问句,用will you多表示“请求”,用won?t you多表示提醒对方注意。例如:

let引导的祈使句有两种情况:①let?s---,后的反义疑问句用shall we或shan?t we。如:Let?s go home, shan?t we? 回家吧,好吗?②let us/me--- 后的反义疑问句用will you或won?t you。如:let me have a try, won?t you?

其他祈使句都用will you或won?t you回答。

2.反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-, im-, in-, dis-, 等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时,陈述部分要视为肯定含义,问句部分用否定形式。

①Your father is unhappy, isn’t he? (不能用is he?) ②The man is dishonest, isn’t he? (不能用is he?)

③It is impossible to learn English without remembering more words, isn’t it?(不能用is it ?)

3.反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little, few, never, hardly, seldom,not,no,nobody,nothing, none, neither等否定意义的词时,问句部分用肯定式。如: ①She never tells a lie, does she? (不用doesn’t she?) ②He was seldom late, was he?(不用wasn’t he?)

4.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am??时,问句部分虽然也可用“am not I”,但习惯上用aren’t I?表示。如:I am a very honest man, aren’t I?

5.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We)第一人称 think(believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时,问句部分的动词及主语与that从句内的动词和主语保持一致。如:①I think that he has done his best, hasn’t he?

②We think that English is very useful, isn’t it? (不用don’t we?)

6.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We) don’t think(believe, suppose, consider)+ that从句时,从句为否定意义,问句部分的动词和主语仍与that从句保持一致且用肯定式。如:①I don’t think that you can do it, can you? (不用do I?)

②We don’t believe that the news is true, is it? (不用do we?)

7.反意疑问句的陈述部分为非第一人称主语+ think(believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时,问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如:

①They all think that English is very important, don’t they? (不用isn’t it?) ②He didn’t think that the news was true, did he? (不用wasn’t/ was it?) 8.反意疑问句的陈述部分为主语+said( told, reported, asked??) + that从句时,问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如:①They said that you had finished your work, didn’t they? (不用hadn’t you)

②Kate told you that she would go there, didn’t she? (不用wouldn’t she?) 9.陈述部分的主语为不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything时,问句部分的主语用it。如:

①Something is wrong with the computer, isn’t it? ②Nothing has happened to them, has it?

10.陈述部分的主语为不定代词somebody(someone), anybody(anyone), nobody(no one), everybody(everyone),no, none, neither时,问句部分的主语用he或 they(通常用they),这时问句动词的数应和he或 they一致。如:①Someone has taken the seat, hasn’t he? ②Everyone has done his best in the game, haven’t they? 11.陈述部分为Let me??时,问句部分习惯上用shall I? 或will you?形式。如:Let me have a try, shall I?(will you?) 12.陈述部分为Let us??时,问句部分习惯上用will you?形式。如:Let us stop to rest, will you?

13.陈述部分为Let’s??时,问句部分习惯上用shall we?形式。如:Let’s go home

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together, shall we?

14.陈述部分用上述情况以外的祈使句时,问句部分一般用will you?形式表示请求,用won’t you?形式表示委婉请求或邀请(即两种情况都可出现,不必遵循前否后肯或前肯后否的原则)。如:

①Do sit down, won’t you?/ will you? ②You feed the bird today, will you? ③Please open the window, will you?(won’t you?) 15.陈述部分为否定祈使句时,问句部分一般用will you?形式。如:Don’t make any noise, will you?

16.陈述部分为There (Here) + be + 主语时,问句部分用be+there(here)?形式。如: ①There are two cakes on the plate, aren’t there? Here is a story about Mark Twain, isn’t here?

17.陈述部分用had better +原形动词表示建议时,问句部分用hadn’t +主语?形式。 ①You’d better tell him about the matter, hadn’t you?②We had better do it by ourselves, hadn’t we? 18.陈述部分用used to +主语时,问句部分用didn’t + 主语?或usedn’t +主语?形式。 ①He used to live in the country, didn’t he?/usedn’t he? ②They used to be good friends, didn’t they?/usedn’t they?

19.陈述部分用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时,若句中带有明显的过去时间的状语,问句部分动词用过去时形式。如:

①He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday, didn’t he? (不用mightn’t he?/ hasn’t he?)

②You must have got up late this morning, didn’t you?(不用mustn’t you?/haven’t you?)

20.陈述部分用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时,若句中没有带明显的过去时间的状语,问句部分动词用现在完成时形式。如: ①Everyone must have known the death of the waitress, haven’t they? (不用mustn’t they?)

②You must have worked there a year ago, didn’t you?(不用mustn’t you?/ haven’t you?)

21.陈述部分的主语为从句时,问句部分的主语一般用it代替,如: ①What he said is true, isn't it? (不用didn’t he?)

②Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet, has it? (不用won’t we?) 22.陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时,问句的主语用it代替。如:

①To do one good deed is easy for a person, isn't it?②Skating is your favorite sport, isn't it?

23.陈述部分的主语是不定代词one,反义疑问句的主语可以用one,也可以用you。如:One should be ready to help others, shuldn’t one?

▲选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。

1) 构成:(1) 一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项? (2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项? 2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如: Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl. (----你的朋友是男孩还是女孩?----是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea, please. (---你要哪一样咖啡还是茶?----请来茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? --Dancing, of course. (----唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样?----当然是跳舞啦!)

5、祈使句:祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。

▲祈使句的肯定式: 动词(原形) + 其他 如:Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) / Shut up!

(住嘴!)

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her little brother.→The girl‘s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顾小弟..弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)

④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如: He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)

He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)

7、动词的非谓语形式:动词不做谓语时的固定形式。

(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式;其中分词又包含现在分

词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。 (2)动词不定式:

① 形式:动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只

要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是:“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。*它的被动形式:“to be +过去分词”。*它的完成形式:“to have +过去分词”。

② 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、

状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。

③ 动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式

短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如:To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)

④ 动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。

[A] 及物动词+不定式一般形式: 谓语动词(vt.) +不定式 (作宾语) [说 明] want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would (无) like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) + to (do) help(帮助) to可以省略 begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大 forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大 如:I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我现在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么时候开始学英语的?)/ Don‘t forget to close the door when you leave.(你离开时别忘了关门

[比较] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关)/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) / Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话) [B] 及物动词+疑问词+不定式: 谓语动词(vt.) [说明] +wh-疑问词+不定式 (作宾语)

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what tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知道) / 不定式疑问ask (问) / find out (发现) / understand where 形式还可以(明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(学会) / + how + to (do) 作句子的主who forget(忘记) / remember(记得) / teach 语、表语等。 which sb.(教某人) / discuss(商讨) …… 如:He does not know which one to take.(他不知道该选哪个)/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告诉我怎么样去火车站)/ She asked me what to do for today‘s homework.(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎样上网吗?)

[C] 不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则

后置。如: I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易) ⑤ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。

[A] 记住下面的一些结构: 被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语) 汉 语 意 思 a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙 a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子 give her a book to read 给她一本书读 Is there any (+名词/代词) to (do)? 有…要(做的)吗? It‘s time to go. 是走的时间了。/ 该走了。 Do you have any work to do? 你有工作要做吗? I‘d like something to eat. 我要点儿吃的。 I have nothing to say. 我没有话要说。 Would you like something to drink? 你要点儿喝的吗? [B] 在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如: They could not find a place to live in.(他们找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(请给我一张椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了写字的毛笔)

⑥ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况:

[A] 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait等词)的后面。如:He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的)

[B] 放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之

后)。如:We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)

[C] 有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如:To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的)

[注意] stop to do 与stop doing的不同。如:They stopped to have a look.(他们停下

来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)

⑦ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。如:My job is to keep the

goal.(我的工作就是守住球门)

⑧ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。 + 宾语 +不定式

谓 语 动 词(vt.) (人 / 物) (作宾语补足语)

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ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / help(帮) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) / +sb. / sth. +to (do) make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / + (do) feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / +sb. / sth. help(帮助) 如:Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你见见我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时)/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴)

[注意] help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略;hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾

补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较: I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的

情况)

I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整

个过程)

(3)动名词

① 动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被

状语修饰;它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。

② 动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。如:Learning

English all by yourself is not so easy.(自学好英语不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.) ③ 动名词可以作宾语。

[A] want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如:Your car needs reparing badly.(你

的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理) [B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如:I forgot

to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)

[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等词一般用动名词作宾语。如:Do you mind my

closing the door?(把门关上你介意吗?)/ She hates travelling by air.(她讨厌坐飞机旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他们每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜欢在镇上转悠)

[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。如:

We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我们在小学时就开始学英语了)

④ 动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如:My job is putting

these parts together.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来) ..⑤ 动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如:Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) / Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补)

(4)分词: 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)

① 主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有

被动或动 作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。

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② 分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。

[A] 作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放

在所修饰的名词之后。 如:I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷!) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气)

[B] 现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语) 谓语动词(vt.) 宾语 宾语补足语 keep(保持) / see(看到) / sb./sth. (do)ing hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到) 如:Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动) [C] 现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如:She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试)

[D] 过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系

表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有:be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮丧) / become intereted in (对…感兴趣)等等。例略。

[E] 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如:I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我

让人给我理了发)(注意:have sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have done sth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆) 8、动词用法辨析:

(1)“Why not+动词原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是简略句,完全形式是:Why don‘t you +动

词原形+…?如:Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看?)/ Why not try it once again?(为什么不再试试?)

(2) seem(好象)的用法:记住几个结构:①sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容词+…;②sb./sth.

+ seem + like +…;③sb/sth + seem + to (do);④It seems that + 从句。如:He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校长叫到名字时他好象很开心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象没有什么人会做出如此愚蠢的事情来)

(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法:记住几个结构:①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); ②be

afraid to (do); ③be afraid that+从句。如:She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有点怕蛇)/ Don‘t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(别害怕晚上一个人在家)/ I‘m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因为他犯了那么大的错误)

(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法:记住几个结构:①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for (doing sth);

③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry that+从句。如:I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思让你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(对不起,麻烦你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn‘t here at the moment.(恐怕他现在不在)

(5) be sure (确信)的用法:记住几个结构: ①be sure of (sth); ②be sure to(do); ③be sure

that+从句。如:She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她给我讲过多次她

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一定会来的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it‘s wrong.(你对你的答案有把握吗?也许是错的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我确信爸爸会帮着我做这件事情的) (6) make 与do的用法:一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用do,表示创造建构某事物

用make. 如:I don‘t know what to do.(我不知道该干什么)/ I‘m not going to do any work.(我不准备做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾经做过一只船)

此外还要记住一些固定说法:do good / harm / business / one‘s best / a favour…… make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,...

(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法:put on强调“穿、戴”这个

动作过程,wear则表示“穿着、戴着”这一状态,have+衣物+on主要表示状态,be in(+颜色/衣物)也是表示一个状况,dress(+人)表示“给…人穿衣”。如:Please put on your new shoes.(请穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(双胞胎穿着相同的衣服)/ Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿着一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你认识那个身穿黑衣的女人吗?)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在给汤姆穿衣)

[注意]dress与wear或put on的区别:wear或put on常用衣物作宾语,而dress常用人

作宾语。表示给自己穿衣时常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表达。be dressed in与wear基本同义。dress up意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。如:Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我给宝宝穿衣吗?)/ He is eight but can‘t dress himself.(他八岁了,还不会穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿着一件红上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim‘s party?(我得穿上好衣服去参加吉姆的聚会吗?)

(8)like、love与enjoy的用法:三个词都含有“喜欢”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟动

名词,love 后面一般跟动词不定式love to do sth.。like后面有时跟动词不定式,表示一种习惯或嗜好(往往与具体的时间或地点有关)。enjoy后面还可以加名词、反身代词,表示“享受…乐趣;玩得开心”。如:Do you like shopping?(你喜欢购物吗?)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon(习惯,与具体的时间有关).(每天下午放学后他总爱游个泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他们喜爱唱外国歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在聚会上你玩得开心吗?)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜欢在中国生活)

(9)study、learn的用法: study主要表示“学习、研究”,指过程;而learn主要表示“学

会”,指结果。表示“学”时可以互换。如:How many subjects do you study?(你学多少门课程?) / Have you learned it yet?(这个你学过了吗?)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你学英语多久了?)

learn还可以表示“听说”,如:He learned the musician himself was in town.(他听说

音乐家本人就在城里)

(10)think、want、would like的用法:三个词都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考

虑”,want指“想要、愿望、企图”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介词短语或从句,want和would like后面跟名词或动词不定式。如:Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你认为中国会在40年后成为发达国家吗?)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.((我正在想着以前借给黎敏的钱)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么?)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(这些饼子中你想吃哪些?)

(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法:前面两个词语表示动作过程,后面两个

表示结果,look for指“寻找”不见的或丢失的东西,但还没有找到;search…for…指“为找…而搜寻…”;find指“找到”了东西;find out主要指“查明一个事实真相”。如:Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴儿!你在厨子里面找什么呢?)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找着丢失的车钥匙了吗?)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵们正在房间里面搜寻间谍突然间他们听到了衣声巨响)/ Let‘s try to find out who

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broke the window.(让我们查查谁把窗子打破了)

[注解] find的几个结构:find sb. sth“为某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“发觉某人

是…”,find it +adj. + to do…(或+宾语从句)“发现(做……)如何”。如: His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母亲发现她的女儿是个聪明的女孩)(名词作补语补足语) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就会发现吃冷食对你的身体是不利的)

(12)listen to、hear的用法:两个词与听觉有关,listen to指“听”这一过程,hear指“听到”

这一结果。如:Are you listening to me, Jim? Yes, I have heard your words. (吉姆,你在听我说吗?是的,你的话我全听见了)

(13)look、see、watch、read的用法:四个词均与眼睛有关,look指放眼去“看”(不管是

否看得到),指“看”的过程;see指“看见”这一结果,有时see还引申为“明白”,表示“看”时后面加“电影”等词,see the film/film ;watch指专注的看,含有“注视、监视”之义,后面常跟“电视、比赛”等词;read限制为看书面材料,译为“看、阅读”,后面跟“书、报纸、杂志”等词。如:What are you looking at?(你在看什么?)/ Please look at the blackboard. (请看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (妈妈,让我去看电影吧,好吗?)/ He won‘t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球赛他才会感觉好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(阅读给我们知识)

(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法: hear“听说”,后面可以跟名词、代词、

从句表示听见的内容,hear of“听说”,后面跟人,指对某人有耳闻但没有见过面;hear from“收到……的来信”,后面加人;learn“听说、得知”,后面跟从句,含义与hear相似。如:I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我听说格林先生今晚要来看望我们)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否听说过那个去过喜马拉雅山的人?)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父亲的信?)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里)

(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法:四个词与“说”有关。speak“讲话、发言、演说”,

是不及物动词,涉及人时要加介词to,speak作及物动词时后面跟语言名称;talk“谈话、闲谈”,是不及物动词,涉及人时用介词with、to等,涉及事情时后面跟介词about等;say 是及物动词,后面跟名词、代词、从句等,表示说的内容;tell是及物动词,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟从句或者介词短语等。如:Do you speak English? (你讲英语吗?)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (谁在会上发了言?)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao‘s parent. (我们的老师正在跟林涛的家长讲话)/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英语说出它吗?)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (请跟我讲讲那个奇怪的飞行物的事情吧)

(16)be able to(do)、can的用法:can是情态动词,有许多含义,表示“可能、可以、会”等

意思,只有①现在式can和过去式could两种形式;be able to表示能力上“会”,有多种时态形式,to后面跟动词原形,有时可以与can/could互换。如:Can you speak English? (你会说英语吗?)/ He couldn‘t(wasn‘t able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二岁时不会游泳)

表示成功的做了某事时,只能用be able to.如: He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.

(17)there be、have的用法:两个词都可以译为“有”,但是,have表示的是“拥有”,主语

必须是人或者物;there be表示“存在”的概念,主语在there be之后。如:How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟?我只有一个兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他们教室里有多少张桌椅?一张也没有。)

[注解]there be sb./sth doing与there be sb./sth to do 有所不同:用doing表示一个正

在发生的事情,而用to do 则表示尚未做的即将要做的动作。如: Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight. (18)borrow、lend、keep的用法:表示“借”的三个词,borrow“借进”、lend“借出”都

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是一次性动作,不可以和表示一段的时间状语连用;keep“保存”用来表示借一段时间。如: I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丢掉了从老师那里借来的书)/ How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了?两个多月了!)

(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法:bring指从远处“拿来”,是从别处把东西带

到这里来,如:Can you bring me that glass? 你能给我拿那个杯子吗?;take指从面前“拿走”,把人或物拿到别处,不是说话的地方,如:Please take the letter to the post office .;carry指一般的搬运, 不涉及方向;send主要指“送、派遣、寄”;lift指把东西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。

(20)hope、wish的用法:两个词都表示“希望”,但是,hope表达有把握或信心实现的事

情,后面直接跟动词不定式或者宾语从句,不可以跟动名词或作宾语补足语的不定式;wish表达实现的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名词、宾语从句(用过去时)或者作宾语补足语的不定式。如:We all hope to see him very soon. (我们全都希望尽快见到他)/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,这样我们就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨!)(事实上天正在下雨,虚拟语气)

(21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法:①看主语 ②看结构 spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型:sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth / (in) doing sth. ;

take的主语通常是事情,句型:sth./It + (take)+sb.+时间+to do… 。(如果是动作则常用it作形式主语将动词不定式后移);

cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型:sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气. ; pay的宾语通常是金钱,句型:sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物. 如:She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一个晚上看那本小说)/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做这件事情要花我两天的时间)/ How much does a house like this cost? (像这样的房子要花多少钱?)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元从他那儿买了书) (22)begin、start的用法:begin在大多数情况下可以替代start,(反义词是end),后面接不定

式或动名词时区别不大,但是start还可以表示“开始、出发、启动”,反义词是stop;某事停止后再重新开始一般用start.如:When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么时候开始学英语的?)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他们开始收割庄稼) / This time he could not start his car. (这次他没法启动他的汽车)

(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法:arrive是不及物动词,到达具体地点(单位,学校,

家,车站)时后面加介词at , The new teacher arrived at our school . We arrived at the station just now,到达一个大的地方(国家、地区、城市)时后面加介词in,如:We arrived in Paris yesterday, arrive后面可以直接跟地点副词here/there/home等;get表示“到达”时是不及物动词,涉及地点(无论大小)时后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地点副词here等;reach是及物动词,后面直接跟地点名词。如:He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上个星期天他抵达旧金山)/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎样在夜间到达那里的?)/ We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left. (我们一路狂奔在火车启动前5分钟到达车站)

(24)be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的区

别:be made of指从制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be made from则指从制成品中看不出原材料,口语中都可以换成be made out of。 be made into表示“被制成……”,be made in表达被制造的地点,be made by表达制造的人,be made for表达被制造的目的。如:This kind of paper is made from bamboo. (这种纸是由竹子生产的)/ The desk is

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made of wood and metal. (桌子是铁和木头打的)/ A lot of paper has been made into paper birds. (许多纸被折叠成了小鸟)/ Computers are made in these cities. (计算机是在这几个城市制造的)/ This kite was made by Uncle Wang. (这个风筝是王叔叔做的)/ A big bag was made for me to hold my waste things.(一只大包做好了让我装废物)

(25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的区别:be used for + 名词/代词或动名

词, be used to + 动词原形,表示两个短语意思相近,表示“用于…”。 used to + 动词原形,表示“过去常常”,否定式可以是“didn‘t use to”也可以是“usedn‘t to”;get/be used to + 动名词,表示“习惯于….”。如:A knife can be used for cutting things.(刀可以用来割东西)/ A knife can be used to cut things.(刀可以用来割东西)/ He used to borrow novels from the library when he was at school. (他上学时常常在图书馆借书)/ He is used to getting up early in the morning. (他习惯早起)(注意:be used to 表示“被用作”和“习惯于”的区别)

(26)beat,win与lose: beat (打败),后面跟“人”,而win(赢得),后面跟“比赛、竞赛”等。如:Who won at last? (最后谁赢了?)/ Class Three beat us 5-0. (三班以5∶0打败了我们)/ I am sure to win the match. (我一定能赢得比赛) 而lose则表示“输了”,常用句型:lose sth. to sb. 如:Unluckily we lost the match to Class Three. (不幸的是我们比赛输给了三班)

(27)grow、plant、keep的区别:plant着重讲“栽、种植”这个动作,grow则指种植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep则主要指“喂养”、“赡养”一个人或者动物。如 :He grew vegetables in his garden. (他在园子里种菜)/ I planted ten trees last year,but four of them died. (去年我栽了10棵树,但是死了4棵)/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the time. (老年的妇女喜欢养猫养狗打发时间)

(28)fall 、drop的区别:fall指东西由高处向下坠落,不及物动词;也可以作连系动词,意思是“变得,进入某种状态”。drop表示物体由高处往低处落下,不及物动词;或让物体落向低处,及物动词。如:The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself. (那个人从拖拉机上摔下来跌伤了)/ Soon after they touched the pillows they fell (系动词) fast asleep. (他们头挨枕头不久就睡着了)/ He felt as if he had to drop maths.(他觉得似乎要放弃数学)/ He dropped a letter into the mail-box.(他向邮箱里丢了一封信)

(29)join、join in、take part in的区别:join多指参加组织、团体、党派等,后面跟人时表示和某人一起参加某项活动;join in指参加某项游戏或活动;take part in多指参加群众性的活动、运动、会议等。如:He joined the army in 2001.(他2001年参军)/ They joined me in congratulating you.(他们和我一起向你祝贺)/ Do join us in the game.(千万参加我们的比赛) / He took an active part in the students‘ movement in the 1940s.(在二十世纪40年代他积极参加学生运动)

(30)beat、hit、strike的用法区别:beat指“连续不断地打击;(心脏的)跳动”;hit指“一次性地撞击、命中”;strike与hit基本同义,还可以理解为“划(火柴)、给……深刻的印象”。如:The man looks dead, but his heart is still beating weakly. (那个人看上去死了可心脏还在微弱地跳动) / He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake. (他踢球的劲太大球飞过他们的头顶落入水中) / He went into the room and struck a match(火柴). (他走进房间划着了一根火柴) (31)carry on、carry out的区别:carry on表示“进行、继续”;carry out表示“执行、贯彻”。如:I will carry on the work. (我会继续工作)/ I have some difficulties in carrying out his orders. (对于执行他的命令我有问题)

(32)be amazed与be surprised的区别:be amazed“感到惊讶”,指人对某个不可能(可能是自认为的)发生却实际发生了的事情感到极其的讶异;be surprised“感到吃惊”指人对突发的事件感到惊讶。如:When he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coral reefs. (他深潜到海中时被所有美丽的珊瑚礁惊呆了)(原先可能想不到世上会有这么美的珊瑚) / He was very surprised when he heard a loud noise from inside the room. (听到房间里传出一个很大的声音他非常地吃惊)(突然传出来的声响) (33)warn的用法:“warn sb. of/about sth”意思是“针对…而警告某人”;“warn sb (not)

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to do sth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”;“warn sb. + that从句”意思是“警告某人说……”。如:They warned the passengers of thieves. (他警告路人小心窃贼) / I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are still so lazy. (我警告你:如果你还这么懒在即将来到的考试中你会不及格的。) / He was warned not to go out in the late night. (他受到警告不要在深夜出去)

(34)think of与think about等短语的区别:think of表示“考虑、思念、认为、想起、建议”等;“think about”表示“看待、认为”,表示对某事的看法;“think much /highly /a lot of”表示“高度评价…”;“think over”表示“仔细考虑”;“think out”表示“想出”。如:The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校长高度地评价了这个男孩) / We‘re thinking of going to France for our holiday. (我们在考虑去法国度假的事情) / Think it over and you will have a way. (仔细考虑就有办法) / I cannot think of his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) / -What do you think about his composition? -Very good! (他的作文你觉得怎么样? 很好。) (35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等词语用法:“agree to+动词”表示“同意做某事”,“agree with + sb./观点”表示“赞同…的观点”/ agree about表示“对…话题有相同看法”/“agree to +建议”表示“同意”某人的建议,agree to your advice,“agree on + 决定”表示“赞成某人的决定”, agree on your decision。例略。

(36)deserve(应该,应得)的用法:deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名词或动名词。如:They had tried their best and they deserved to win. (他们尽力了该赢。) / The little boy always made troubles around and deserved beating. (小男孩总是处处惹麻烦活该被打) / The girl did a good deed and deserved praise. (女孩做了好事应该受到表扬)

九、连接词

1、连词的含义:连接 词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连接词。 2、连词的分类:连词分为并列连接词和从属连接词两种。

1、并列连接词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。常见的并列连接词有:and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否则),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,无论如何),for(因为),still(可是),as well as(也),both..and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…),neither… nor…(既不…也不…)等。

2、从属连接词用于引导从句,常见的从属连接词有:

when(当?时候), while(正当?时候), after(在?之后), before(在?之前), since(自从), until(直到), although/though(虽然), if(假如), as(如?一样;由于), as …as…(和?一样), as far as(就?而言), as long as(只要), as soon as(一?就?), even if(即使), because(因为), unless (除非), than(比?), whether (是否?), in order that…(为了), so…that…(如此?以致), so that…(以便), now that…(现在既然), by the time…(到?时候), every time…(每当), as if…(仿佛),no matter when(或whenever)(无论何时),no matter where(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。 [辨析]

(1) because、as、since、for的用法:because(因为)表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面;另外,回答why的问句只能用because. as(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。for(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如:He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.(他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害)/ As all of you have got here, now, let‘s go to the zoo.(既然大伙儿都到了我们就去动物园吧)/ I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.(既然你很忙我就叫林涛和我一起去吧)/ We must be off now for the match starts at 7:00.(我们得走了因为比赛在七点开始)

(2)if、whether的区别:表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句,另外,whether

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还可以引导主语从句、表语从句(以及同位语从句)等名词性从句或者让步状语从句;而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句, (主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。如:I don‘t know if/whether he will arrive on time.(我不知道他是不是会按时到达)/ I will ring you up if he arrives on time.(如果他按时到达我会给你打电话的) [注意]下列情况只能用不能用if:①引导主语从句,②引导表语从句,③引导从...whether............句作介词宾语,④引导不定式短语,⑤引导让步状语从句,⑥在动词discuss之后,⑦在wonder / not sure之后,⑧在if与whether含义易混时。如:Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question.(下个星期天是不是个好天还是个问题)(引导主语从句) / Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.(请问一下带不带雨衣去那儿)(作动词的宾语) / Hainan is the place to be, whether it‘s summer or winter.(海南是个该去的地方无论冬夏)(引导让步状语从句)/ Please let me know whether you need my help.(请告诉我你是否需要我的帮助)(引导宾语从句)(如果换成if则还可能表示“如果你需要我的帮助请告知”)

(3)while、when、as的用法区别:while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是只能是同时发生的、是平行的;when可以表示较短的动作也可以表示较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可以同时发生也可以先后发生;as与上两词同义,可替换while和when, 表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边……一边……”。如:Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework.(我写作业时请不要打扰我)/ I‘ll go home when I have finished my job.(我干完了活儿就回去)(不是同时发生)/ They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.(他们正快速地穿过马路忽然听到了卡车开来的声音)/ As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.(当我们在黑洞洞的街上走路时我们高声地唱歌说话)

(4)till/until与not…till/until的区别:前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一个才开始的动作。如:I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.(我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来)(stay这个动作一直进行到你return) / They won‘t go on working until they get what they think is reasonable.(他们要到获得了他们认为合理的东西时才会继续干下去的)

另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till. 如:Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.(我们坚持到比赛的最后一分钟)/ Not until he had finished his work did he go home.(直到做完工作他才回家)(倒装句)

(5)though与although的区别:两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但在句中可加still或yet连用。although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可以换为though; though“虽然、尽管、即使”,①还可以与even连用(=even if),表示“即使、纵然”,②作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。③although不能放在句末,though则可以,用“,”隔开。如:He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.(尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他还是通过了考试)/ she won‘t leave the TV set,even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper(.她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭)/ It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.(这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此我还是玩得很开心) (6)prefer to…rather than…与prefer…to…的区别:prefer to…rather than…后面都是用动词原形,prefer…to…都是用动名词或名词。如:I prefer English to Japanese.(与日语相比我更喜欢英语)/ I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese. (与日语相比我更喜欢学英语)

十、简单句

1、简单句的特点:简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。 2、简单句的种类:简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。 3、陈述句:


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