非谓语动词之 to do和ing的区别
一，作主语时的区别 不定式指较具体的行为
Ing表示抽象或者泛指的动作（但在实际应用中通常已经可以互换）
注意：两者都可以用it作形式主语，但结构不同 1）ing词it is + no using/no good/useless/ a waste of time + doing sth
There is no + ing =it is impossible to do sth Eg.it’s no use waiting here.
There is no telling why he did so.(there is no knowing/there is no persuading=it is impossible to persuade …) 2)to do 不定式
It is +adj(n)+(for sb)/(of sb) + to do sth Eg. It is very difficult to drive in the mountains.
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It is a shame to say like that . 二，作表语时的区别 不定式强调一次具体动作 Ing强调抽象行为 三，作宾语
不定式 agree decline 拒绝 refuse offer promise choose decide determine attempt intend manage fail ask hope want tend expect desire wish seek plan prepare pretend learn mean dare arrange demand happen intend
Ing 词 admit stand appreciate avoid finish complete consider delay deny suggest enjoy escape forgive keep mind miss practise risk advise allow permit forbid 或者介词短语的宾语 go on insist on , persist in , keep on , take to 喜欢 ， dream of , get down to , 等等
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四，作定语
不定式 后置 与修饰词之间有动宾关系 必要时要添加介词
He is a pleasant fellow to work with . 常表示未来发生的动作
The man to come our assitance is Mike.
在the first, the second , the best, the only thing 等后常加不定式作定语
He is always the first to answer questions. Ing词
1）多为合成词 表中心词的性质
Parking lot , sleeping bag, drinking water, cooking oil, driving licence 等
2）单个分词前置，短语后置，相当于一个定语从句 He is a businessman growing rich in recent years. 3)其中现在分词常表示动作正在进行或即将进行 过去分
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词常表示动作已经完成
Is this the book written by Mike? 五，作状语 不定式
1) 目的状语 =in order to
2) 结果状语 表意外only to do sth too…to, so…as to . enough…to
3) 原因状语 一般放在句尾 表示引起某种情绪的原（happy,lucky,fortunate, ashamed , surprised, shocked, sorry , glad, delighted, disappointed, anxious, unwise, foolish, rude, considerate, annoyed, bored, puzzled 等等）
4）条件状语 谓语动词中常有will, must , shall 等 5）独立结构 to tell the truth, to be ture, to be plain, to cut the matter short, to make matters worse, to be brief, to be exact, to conclude, to be honest, to start with, to
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sum up 等等 Ing 词
1）作时间状语 相当于when引起的从句 Hearing the news, they set off for Shanghai. 2) 原因状语从句 相当于because引导的从句 Overcome with surprise, she was unable to stand. 3) 方式或者伴随状语 相当于一个并列句 He walked down the hill, singing to himself.
4) 条件状语从句 相当于一个由if引导的从句 如果… Given another chance, I will do it better.
5) 结果状语从句 相当于 so that 引导的从句 常由逗号 自然的结果
He turned off the light, seeing nothing.
6)让步状语 相当于though，although等引导的从句 Admitting what I said, I still thought she hadn’t tried her best.
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7）ing词的独立结构有 xly speaking , judging from , taking everything into consideration, considering 等 8) 这些ing词作状语时，前面有时可以由连接词 when, while, unless, as if 等等 六 补语 不定式
1）常有固定用法 ask request tell invite press get beg wish prefer want intend encourage advise persuade allow forbid order urge warn remind 等等
2）在两听三使等动词中要省略to，被动现to Ing词
表同步进行或者已经完成
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force expect permit
