例如:I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I ________ him earlier. A. had a telephone B. have phoned
C. should have phoned D. should be phoned
(答案是C。中文意思是“我很抱歉我没能在他走之前和他联系上,我本应早点儿给他打电话的。”)
掌握情态动词的基本意义及用法是解题的关键。除此之外,还要根据上下文提供的信息做出正确的选择。同时还要考虑情态动词后面的动词所表示的动作是否是现在正在发生,或者过去已经发生,过去该发生而没有发生的动作,以便选准答案。
虚拟语气
虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的愿望、请求、意图、建议、惊奇、设想等。以下从五个方面介绍。 a). 虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的运用:
虚拟条件句从时间上又分为与现在事实相反,与过去事实相反,与将来事实可能相反三种情况。表示与现在事实相反的,if从句用过去式,主句用would(或could, should, might)加原形动词。与过去事实相反的,if从句用过去完成时,主句用would(或could, should, might)+have done结构。与将来事实可能相反的,if 从句用should (或were to )加动词原形,主句用would加动词原形。
例如:Had the weather been good, the children ________ out for a walk. A. had gone
B. could have gone C. would go D. went
(答案:B。与过去的事实相反。当if从句中含有were,had,should这三个词时,if可以省略,主谓倒装。) b). 某些动词后的宾语从句以及某些名词后的表语或同位语从句中虚拟语气的运用,这些动词或名词包括:
suggest (suggestion),propose (proposal),advise (advice),demand,insist,order,request, require,recommend,desire,ask,decide等。在这些从句中,谓语形式为should加动词原形,should可以省略。
例如:The general’s command was that the soldiers ________ their fort and carry out more important task. A. would leave B. leave C. left
D. have left (答案:B)
c). 在It is desired (或desirable),It is important等结构后面的主语从句中,动词用原形或should+原形动词。这些结构有It is suggested,It is requested,It was ordered,It is necessary,It is essential,It is vital,It is urgent,It is impossible,It is preferable,It is advisable,It was proposed等。
例如:It’s desired that she ________ to teach us at least twice a week. A. comes B. will com C. come
D. may come (答案:C)
d). would rather, as if/though 以及wish后边that从句中虚拟语气的运用。
例1:I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you ________ next month for a dinner. A. come
B. would come C. came D. have come
(答案:C。would rather 后面的从句中,动词用过去式。) 例2:He talks as if he ________ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew
C. had known
D. would have know
(正确答案为B。在as if/though后边的方式状语从句中,表示与现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑,动词用过去式;如果表示的是想象中的过去的动作,用过去完成时。本句表示对现在的情况有所怀疑。)
例3:You look as if you had seen a ghost.
(此句中as if 后边是说话人想象中的动作,所以用过去完成时。) 例4:I wish I knew his address.
(在wish后边的从句中,如果指现在或将来的愿望,动词用过去式。这句话告诉我们说话人并不知道他的地址。) 例5:Peter wishes that he ________ law instead of literature when he was in college。 A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study
(答案为C。表示过去没有实现的愿望,动词用过去完成时。)(2000年32题) e). 在It is (high) time后边的that从句中,动词用过去式,表示该做某事了。 例如:Don’t you think it is time you ________ smoking? A. give up B. gave up
C. would give up D. should give up (答案为B。) 非谓语动词
动词非谓语形式包括不定式,动名词和分词,它们在句子中不能充当谓语,可以分别充当主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。虽然非谓语形式不能充当谓语,但它们仍然保留了动词的某些特征,比如说它们可以有自己的宾语,补足语或状语以及自己的逻辑主语,能成为句子的独立成分。
动词非谓语形式有一般、进行和完成三种形式以及相应的主动与被动形式。在解答有关动词非谓语形式的试题时,应特别注意以下几点:
a). 英语中有些动词后跟不定式作宾语,有些动词后面则接动名词作宾语,还有一些动词的后边既可以接不定式,也可以接动名词,有时意义不变,但有时却在意义上大不相同,所以必须牢记有关非谓语形式的基本知识。
例1:We shall appreciate ________ from you soon. A. being heard B. hearing C. to hear
D. having been heard
(答案:B。appreciate 这个词后面只能接动名词,且应该是其一般式。)
例2:The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being
D. having told
(短语动词confess to 中的to是介词,不是动词不定式符号,因此选项A和B可以排除。选项C是动名词的被动式,而动名词后边已经有了宾语a lie, 因此动名词不能是被动式,因此正确答案是D。用完成形式的动名词表示这个动作在主要动词之前已经发生。)
例3:We all feel sorry for ________ for so long after your arrival. A. keep you waiting
B. having kept you waiting
C. waiting for you D. keep you wait (答案:B。)
b). 非谓语动词作宾语补充语时,要弄清哪些动词后面可以跟不定式作宾补,哪些动词后面可以跟分词作宾补。 例1:Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house ________ so well. A. to be decorated B. to decorate C. be decorated D. decorating