Semantic（语义学的）——refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual概念上的meaning of a word.
eg：at the foot of mountain, the mouth of river
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Etymological（词源学的）——The history of the word explains the meaning of the word.
3.Types of meaning
Grammatical 语法– refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships
Conceptual 概念—— the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core核心of word-meaning. Lexical 词汇 Connotative内涵意义 eg：Mother — a female parent — love
Associative联想 Stylistic语体 1)formal 2)neutral 3)informal Affective/Emotive —— appreciative and pejorative Collocative固定搭配
Chapter 6 Sense relations
1. Polysemy一词多义 （1）定义：polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. the same word may have two or more different meanings. e.g. The word ―flight‖ may mean ―passing through the air‖， ―power of flying‖， ―air of journey‖， etc. Diachronic approach eg : face 具有一个primary meaning也有很多的derived meanings
（2）Two approaches harvest意思是time of cutting, time of harvest,现在是指yield of grain or food
Synchronic approach
Radiation 辐射 像车轮式一样进行发展的语义e.g. face, neck
（3）Two process of development
Concatenation – meaning ―linking together‖串联 2. Homonymy （1）定义：Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical（完全相同的）both in sound and spelling
or identical only in sound or spelling.
Perfect Homonyms 同音同形异义词 e.g. bear忍受；熊 ball 球；舞会 （2）Types Homographs同形异义 e.g. minute分钟；微小的
Homophones同音异义（most common） e.g. dear/dear 亲爱的；昂贵的 meat/meet Change in sound and spelling （3）Origins of Homonyms Borrowing Shortening 3.Synonymy同义词
（1）定义：Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Absolute regioned地域（British English＆American English） （2）Types stylistics degree
Relative（Near） shades of meaning
emotive range collocative搭配
Borrowing（the most important source）
（3）Sources of Synonyms Dialects方言and regional English eg: railway （BrE）; railroad （AmE） 来源 Figurative比喻的，象征的and euphemistic委婉的use of words Coincidence一致；巧合with idiomatic expressions习惯用语 Difference in denotation意义 （4）Discrimination of Synonyms Difference in connotation内涵 Difference in application应用 4.Antonymy反义词
（1）定义：Antonymy is concerned with semantic语义学的opposition.
Contradictory/complementary 绝对反义 eg: alive — dead，male – female不可以用形容词比较级, 程度副词加以修饰 （2）Types Contrary/ gradable/comparision eg: hot —（warm,cool）— cold
Relative (depend on each other) eg: parent — child , sell— buy , predecessor 前辈— successor继承者
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（3）Characteristics
1）Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.
2）A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3）Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.
4）Contrary terms are gradable antonyms,differing in degree of intensity,so each has its own corresponding opposition. （4）Use
。 Antonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the meanings of words. fresh bread – stale bread， fresh air – stuff air， fresh flower – faded flower， fresh look – tired look
。 Antonyms are useful to express economically the opposition of a particular thought， often for the sake of contrast. 。 Many idioms are formed with antonyms.
eg : Rain and shine无论如何 Weal and woe祸福 Friend and foe敌友 Now or never机不可失 Thick and thin不顾艰难险阻
High and low到处 Give an take互让，平等 Easy come,easy go. 来的易，去得快 More haste,less speed. 欲速则不达 United we stand， divided we fall.团结则存，分裂则亡 5.Hyponymy 包涵
（1）定义：Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is to say, the meaning of a more specific word is
included in that of another more general word.
superordinate（上义词）—— general
（2）Types
hyponyms / sobordinate（下义词）——specific
eg : furnature 是superordinate ; desk, table, chair, cupboard是furniture的subordinate words或者称作hyponyms
