美国犯罪成立要件与证明责任分配(8)

  [11] Douglas N·Husak, philosophy of Criminal Law·New Jersey: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, 1987·p187·
  [12] George p Fletcher, Rethinking Criminal Law·Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1978·p759·
  [13] Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Law (3th edition)·NewYork: Matthew Bender&Company, Inc·2001, p202—203·
  [14] Suetitus Reid, Criminal Law (5th edition)·Ohio: McGraw-Hill Company Inc·2001·p87·
  [15] United States v·Johnson, 968 F·2d 208, 208—216 (2d Cir·1992)·
  [16] Douglas N·Husak, Criminal Law·New Jersey: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, 1987·p198·
  [17]John AAndrews, Michael Hirst, Criminal Evidence·London: Sweet&Maxwell, 1992·P62·
  [18]王以真:《英美刑事证据法中的证明责任问题》,载《中国法学》1991年第4期。
  [19] People v·McCann, 16N·Y·58, 65—67 (1857)·
  [20] Davis v·United States, 160 U·S·487—88 (1895)·
  [21]1984年美国国会通过了《精神病辩护改革法》(Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984),该法要求被告人以“明确而有说服力的证据”(clear and convincing evidence)证明精神病的成立。因此,在联邦法院系统,精神病的说服责任也是由被告人承担。
  [22] In re Winship, 397 U·S·358 (1970)·
  [23]这里使用了“原则上”三字,理由在于美国由联邦法域、州法域,各州在无罪辩护事由证明责任分配上并不完全一致,笔者有后文中会提及。
  [24] Patterson v·NewYork, 432 U·S·197 (1977)·
  [25]John Quigley, The Need to Abolish Defenses to Crime; a Modest Proposal to Solve the Problem of Burden of Persuasion·14 Vt·L·Rev·335, 337—338 (1990)·
  [26]储槐植著:《美国刑法》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第173页。
  [27] Phillip E·Johnson, Criminal Law (5th edition), West Publishing Co·1995, p1·
  [28]储槐植著:《美国刑法》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第36页。