Research report on the use of high biofuel blends in diesel vehicles(Biofuel/ Diesel Vehicle Research WG, JATOP)
February 22, 2011 Ken-ichi Okamoto Advanced Technology& Research Institute Japan Petroleum Energy CenterJAPAN AUTO-OIL PROGRAM
What is JATOP(Japan Auto-Oil Program)?A collaborative research between auto and oil industries aiming to resolve the issues including“reducing emissions of CO2”,”fuel persification and“reducing exhaust emissions” based on a premise that air quality will be preservedTechnical issues that may contribute to resolving environmental and energy security issues in the future, and collaboration between auto and oil industries may be an effective solution
Auto industry(Fuel consumer)
Collaborative researchSubsidized by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Oil industry(Fuel producer)2
- About JATOP Apr. 1997 Apr. 2002 Apr. 2007 Apr. 2012Jun. 2010 Feb. 2011
JCAPⅠ
JCAPⅡ
JATOPPrevious research program: JCAP (Japan Clean Air Program)JATOP Conference
Start of JATOP-JATOP has started in FY 2007 (and is scheduled to be completed in FY 2011)
Content of JATOP Projects
-Expanded utilization of biomass fuels for diesel -Expanded utilization of biomass fuels for gasoline -Investigation of fuel quality suitable for the latest diesel and gasoline vehicles -Technologies for the prediction of effects on air environment3
Research report on the use of high biofuel blends in diesel vehicles(Biofuel/ Diesel Vehicle Research WG, JATOP)
What is Biodiesel fuel (BDF)?MethanolRapeseed
FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)O3HC
C O CH3
PME:Palm Oil Methyl Ester
Palm
Fat and Oil
RME:Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester SME:Soybean Oil Methyl Ester WME:Waste Oil Methyl Ester
Soybean
HBD (Hydro-generated biodiesel)Hydrogenation3HC
CH3
Plants
Gasification/ Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
FTD (Fischer Tropsch Diesel)5
Biodiesel Fuel Quality<FAME> Double bondPresence SME LargeDegraded
<Petroleum diesel fuel>Absence PME small
<HBD/ FTD>Absence
RME Medium
Oxidative stability
Easy to coagulate at low temperatures(Varied by the composition of biomass feedstock)
Distillation characteristics
330 - 350 CPresence Oxygenated compound
200 - 350 CAbsence Hydrocarbon
260 - 310 CAbsence Hydrocarbon
Oxygen content
- There are differences in fuel quality between FAME and petroleum diesel fuels. - Current upper limit of FAME blending into petroleum diesel fuels: 5% for Japan - There are concerns in fuel quality when vehicles running on high FAME blends.
Objectives- Identify technical issues on the use of high biodiesel blends (over 5%) in diesel vehicles, - Conduct an analytical study on the issues to develop measures to be taken by fuel producers and vehicle manufacturers, - Produce new technical findings that could contribute to the study of introduction of high biodiesel blends in Japan, including establishment of a national fuel quality standard covering
high biodiesel blends.
Research theme(1) Impact on fuel properties Cold flow properties Ignition quality
(5) Impact on cold driveability (6) Impact on engine oil (7) Impact on reliability Injector deposits Stability during long parking periods
(2) Impact on stability Oxidative stability Oxidative degradation mechanism Impact on material and components of vehicle fuel systems Storage stability at room temperatures
(3) Impact on emissions (4) Impact on exhaust aftertreatment systems8
- Oxidative stability–Impact of stability of B100 blends on that of biofuel blendsGood oxidative stability
IP by Modified Rancimat (Modified Rancimat) (hr) (hr)
50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 Biomass blend level (mass%) Biomass Blend level, ratio (mass%) Biofuel blending mass%RME PME WME HBD FTD
Induction periodInduction period of biofuel (B100) (hr)(Rancimat)
SME
1.9
6.4
5.0
4.3
>48
31.3
Blending WME or SME (having poor stability) into petroleum diesel fuel decreases stability of the biofuel blends.
-Oxidative stability Differences in the effects of adding antioxidants to B20 blends by FAME type5.0⊿TAN, mgKOH/g⊿ TAN (mgKOH/g) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0
(1)⊿ TAN methodSME (B20) PME (B20)
Good
160
(2) PetroOXY method (2)PetroOXY
Induction period (PetroOXY,140 C) (min)PetroOXY (140degC), min.
120
80
40
Good 0.0
0
50 100 150 200 BHT concentration in DGO, ppm Amount of antioxidant (BHT*) added (ppm)
0
0
50
100
150
200
BHT antioxidant (BHT*) added Amount ofconcentration in DGO, ppm (ppm)
In the case of no addition of BHT (0ppm), oxidative stability of SME blends is better than that of PME blends. However in the case of adding BHT, PME blends show improved effects in oxidative stability compared to SME blend.*Butylated Hydroxytoluene 10
Content of antioxidant substances in FAME and composition of FAME
- Oxidative stability 100FAME concentrations (mass%) FAME濃度, mass%
(1) Antioxidant substances2000
(2) FAME Composition98.8 99.8
1891
1600Antioxidant substance (ppm)抗酸化物質, ppm
1200
800
α-Tocopherolβ-Tocopherolγ-Tocopherolδ-Tocopherolα-Tocotrienolβ-Tocotrienolγ-Tocotrienolδ-Tocotrienol
80
60
40
C22:0 C20:1 C20:0 C18:3 C18:2 C18:1 C18:0 C16:0 C14:0
400
20Number of炭素数 carbons Number of二重結合数 double bonds
400 SME PME
0
SME
PME
Antioxidant substances: Content of (natural) antioxidant substances in SME blends is significantly large compared to PME blends. Unsaturated composition: The level of the content of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters is high in SME blends, and that of the compositions having two or more double bonds that are easier to oxidation is high in SME blends compared to PME blends.
Research theme(1) Impact on fuel properties Cold flow properties Ignition quality
(5) Impact on cold driveability (6) Impact on engine oil (7) Impact on reliability Injector deposits Stability
during long parking periods
(2) Impact on stability Oxidative stability Oxidative degradation mechanism Impact on material and components of vehicle fuel systems Storage stability at room temperatures
(3) Impact on emissions (4) Impact on exhaust aftertreatment systems12
- Storage stability at room temperatures Precipitate formation at temperatures above cloud point
Temperatures above cloud point→ No formation of precipitates is observedfrom petroleum diesel fuel
→ Precipitate formation may occur in someFAME blends
(Ex.) Stand 20% FAME blends (CP-2 C) at 5 - 8 C for 10 days
Cloud point (CP)(Temperature at which wax starts to precipitate)
Cold filter plugging point (CFPP)(Temperature at which filter plugging takes place due to the wax precipitated)
Pour point (PP)(Temperature at which lubricity disappears )
Cold temperatures
- Storage stability at room temperatures Results of precipitate analysisAnalysis method 2 (Free fatty acid, FAME, n-paraffin)
Storage temperature: 5 CPrecipitate concentrations (ppm)
Analysis method 1 (Saturated fatty acid monoglyceride)
600 500 400 300 200 100 0Amount trapped by filter Composition analysis
Free fatty acid
FAME n-paraffin
Free fatty acid
FAME n-paraffin
Free fatty acid
FAME n-paraffin
Saturated fatty acid monoglycerideC12:0 C14:0 C16:0 C18:0
Saturated fatty acid monoglycerideC12:0 C14:0 C16:0 C18:0
Amount Composition trapped analysis by filter
Amount trapped by filter
Composition analysis
20% PME blends
20% SME blends
20% RME blends
Saturated fatty acid monoglyceride is considered as the main component of the precipitates from PME blends.
Research theme(1) Impact on fuel properties Cold flow properties Ignition quality
(5) Impact on cold driveability (6) Impact on engine oil (7) Impact on reliabilitydeposits Stability during long parking periods Injector
(2) Impact on stabilitystability Oxidative degradation mechanism Impact on material and components of vehicle fuel systems Storage stability at room temperatures Oxidative
(3) Impact on emissions (4) Impact on exhaust aftertreatment systems15
-Stability during long parking periods– Test outline–Experimental outlineDetermine the impact of long parking period (6 months) on vehicle performances with fuels(10% SME blends) that have experienced a thermal history during vehicle running.Vehicle performance evaluation (Startability, idle stability, running performance, etc.) Evaluation of oxidative stability of fuelsAppearance of vehicle fuel tank (Fuel tank receives direct sunlight from about 12:00 to 17:00)
(Parking start)
(After (After (After (After (After (After 1 mos.) 2 mos.) 3 mos.) 4 mos.) 5 mos.) 6 mos.)
Vehicle running before parking 16
