英汉翻译与汉英翻译 1 英语与汉语
英语和汉语分属两种不同的语言体系。拼音文字，象形文字；分析性语言和部分粘着，综合性（意合）没有词缀等变化。 2 什么是翻译？
翻译是一种语言文字的实践，是利用一种语言文字把另外一种语言文字所表达的思想确切而完善地重新表达出来的实践。
由于语言文字的广阔、多样和复杂（历史文化政治经济风土人情等等）决定了翻译实践的广阔性，多样性与复杂性。
从某种角度说，翻译是一种再创造的过程。 3 翻译过程 理解阶段
1）理解语言现象（上下文有联系地理解原文的词汇含义、语法结构和惯用语等）
John is now with his parents in New York City. It is already three years since he was a bandmaster 约翰先在同父母住在纽约市。他不担任乐队指挥指挥已经三年了。 Since 从句中国的过去式was 或were 是一种状态的结束。 2）理解逻辑关系
It is good for him to do that.(这样做对他有好处。他这样做是件好事。)
3）理解原文所涉及的事物（特别是一些特有的事物、历史背景、典故、或专门术语） John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.. 表达阶段 1） 直译
Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was Completely defeated.
但是直译不是死译或硬译
Nothing could be done. We saw an acrobat standing on his head. 2)意译
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. (到了桥边才过桥) 不必担心太早。（不必自寻烦恼。）
英汉翻译
第一节 用词技巧
一 词义的选择 （根据专业内容， 上下文所构成的语言环境，词的搭配关系，词的语法功能等等来确定词义） 例句
1 The hearing aids are operated from batteries.
2 The frontier forces had to operate against the invaders.
3 We hoped Mr. White will not forget himself. Gone are the days when a represetative of a big power in the U.N. may do whatever he likes.
4 We hoped that our most-repected Secertary General will not forget himself. His poor health is known to all.
5 It is very necessary for you to have a sound sleep. 6 Nothing came of the enemy’s efforts to breakthrough.
7 He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
8 We express our gratitude for the outstanding and challenging speech of Mr. Smith. 二 表述词汇的深层意义
1 Dobbin had been in the Coffee-room for an hour or more. He tried all the papers, but could not read them.
2. The local press challenged the license of the TV station.
3 These cells are young and small, but they get nourishment and they grow into adult cells and so carry on the function of the organ.
4 Even when we reduce the slat to a fine power, it still tastes salt. 5 The Great Wall is a must for most foreign vistors to Beijing. 6 Trygev Lie is swollen in everthing, in body and in mind. 7 ―That’s a long story.You’re getting into deep water, Phyl.
8 As far as head goes, at least, she does credit to the ducational system pursued at my establishment.
9 At twenty-two, he had first learned what it is to a negro. 三 词类转译
1 Mr.Prime Minister and all of your distinguished guests this evening… 2
英汉语言对比与翻译
第一节 英汉词汇现象的对比 一、词的意义方面
Bird 鸟---人、姑娘---飞机、火箭、直升机、航天飞机、卫星等飞行器 Sail 帆 （set sail 起航）---潜艇指挥塔---变得飘飘然
英语词汇的意义在汉语里的对应程度，大致归纳为四种情况。
（一）英语中有些词所表示的意义，在汉语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达。 他们的意义在任何上下文中都完全对等。这主要是一些已有通用译名的专有名词、术语和日常生活中的一些事物的名称。如：
The U.S.State Department 美国国务院 computational linguistics 计算语言学 The Pacific Ocean 太平洋 tuberculosis 结核病
helicopter 直升飞机 minibus 微型汽车（面包车） （二）英语中有些词与汉语中有些词在词义上只有部分对应。它们在意义上概括的范围有广狭之分。如：
Marriage 娶、嫁 gun 枪、炮 sister 姐、妹 morning 早晨、上午
（三）英语中有些词所表示的意义，目前在汉语里还找不到最后确定的对应词来表达。这主要是英语中的一些新词，包括专有名词、术语以及一些反应英美社会特殊风气及事物的词。 （四）英语中有许多词一词多义，其所表示的各个意义，分别与汉语的几个不同的词或词组对应。多义词的意义只有联系上下文才能确定。如：
1 The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May
2 The landing must be super-soft,made at a velocity of18 miles or so an hour.
3 Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug.
4 At this stage, there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. 二、词的搭配能力方面
英语和汉语在词的搭配能力方面往往有差异。
He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ear with cotton wool. 割麦子，切蛋糕， 剪（修）指甲，
开会，开窗户，开灯，开电脑，开车，开公司 三、词序方面 英、汉语句子中的主要成分主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的（重要启示：英语阅读中的难句和长句理解的技巧之一是要分析这个长句或难句；汉译英的技巧之一是找出汉语句子中的主谓宾）， 但是各种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英汉语中则有同有异，变化较多。 （一）定语位置
1．单词作定语 （英语中通常前置，也有后置的，但汉语里一般都前置） A research-oriented hospital 一所以搞科研为重点的医院 A service-oriented government 一个服务型政府 Something important 重要的事情
the banker’s little garden 银行老板的小花园 the ancient Chinese civilization 中国古代文明 但是，名词前定语过多，译文就不完全前置。如：a little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar一个要饭的，身材短小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满面短髭（后置）
2.短语作定语（英语中一般放在所修饰名词的后面，汉语中则放在前面，但间或也有放在后面的）如：
A building project of high-rise apartment house 一个多层公寓大楼的建筑项目 A candidate with little chance of success 一个当选希望极微的候选人 The decimal system of counting 十进制计算法 （二）状语的位置 1.单词作状语
（1）英语中单词状语修饰形容词或其他状语，常放在所修饰词的前面，这一点和汉语相同。 John did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active in class. 约翰当年并不是出色的学生，但他在班上很活跃。
（2）英语中单词状语修饰动词，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则一般放在动词之前。 Modern science and technology are developing rapidly.
(3) 英语中表示程度的状语修饰状语时，可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置。 The molecules of a gas are moving about extreamly fast in all direction. 气体的分子非常迅速地向四面八方运动着。 He is running fast enough. 他跑的够快的了。 2.短语作状语
（1）英语中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后，译成汉语大多数放在动词之前，也有放在动词后面的，视汉语的习惯而定。
（2）英语中地点状语一般放在时间状语之前，而汉语则相反。 He was born in Nanjing on May 27, 1923. 练习题:
试译下列各短语，注意英汉语中词的多义性和搭配能力的不同
Soft pillow, soft music, soft cushion, soft wood, soft money, soft drink, soft breeze, soft light, soft voice, soft fire, soft hat, soft words, soft answer, soft goods, soft heart, soft water
第二节 英汉句法现象的对比
一、句子结构的转换
（一）英语简单句---汉语复合
1. On April 2, 1942 HORNET put to sea escorted by cruisers, destroyers and a fleet oiler.
2. His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition –free College of the City of New York.
3. The development of an economical artifical heart is only a few transient failures away.
4. A call from Chile to Spain had to be radioed over the Andes and the Caribbean to New York, across the Atlantic by cable, and over telephone wires through Europe to Madrid.
1.“大黄蜂”号于一九四二年四月二日出航，由若干巡洋舰、驱逐舰和一艘舰队油船护航。 2. 由于在中学成绩优异， 他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。 3. 只要再经过几次失败，就能造出价格低廉的人工心脏了。
4. 如果要从智利与西班牙通话，就得先用无线电越过安第斯山脉和加勒比海，到纽约中转，由电缆通过大西洋，然后再通过电话线经欧洲大陆通马德里。 （二）英语复合句--汉语简单
1. That he will come to discussion is certain. 2. He doesn’t know what life means to him.
3.The question is whether we can finishe our work by tomorrow morning. 4. While we were operating the machine tools, we were very careful. 1.他肯定会来参加讨论的。 2. 他不知道人生的意义。
3. 问题在于我们能否在明晚之前完成这项工作。 4. 我们在操纵机床时非常小心。
（三）英语复合（或并列）---汉语复合
1. Hardly had I got aboard when the train started.
2. It was a difficult task, but we accomplished it.虽然任务艰巨，可是我们完成了。（注it的翻译） 3.Grassp all, lose all. 如果你样样都抓，就会一样也抓不到。
4. Sanya is really beautiful, and many people bring their wives and families out here to live. 三亚这地方确实漂亮（美丽），（所以）很多人把他们的家小搬来居住。
(四) 英语倒装句（主要是上下文和语气的需要）---汉语正装结构（汉语一般不用倒装结构） 1. Here comes the bus. 2. Here you are. Here it is.
3. Here ends the diary of Dr. Watson.华生医生的日记写到这里就结束了。 4. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. 当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。 （五）英语被动句---汉语主动句
英语中被动语态的使用很广，不必说出主动者，不远说出主动者，无从说出或是为了连贯上下文等场合，都用被动语态。汉语中也有被动语态，但适用范围狭窄得多。因此，英语被动语态的句子，译成汉语时，很多情况下译成主动句，也有一些保持被动语态。 a. 译成汉语主动句
a1 （英主语—汉主语）含有被动意义
The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated
他在青少年时期留下的自卑感，还没有完全消除。
The collection of pomes has been translated into many foreign languages 这本诗集已经译成当中外文。
Compressed by compressors and cooled in heat exchangers, air is liquified. 空气用压缩机压缩并在热交换器内冷却后液化。 a2 英主语—汉宾语 （无需提出行为主体）
After a while an agreement was arrived at. 过了一会儿达成了协议。
Special instrument for measuring cosmic rays are installed in the satellite. 卫星中装有测量宇宙射线用的特种仪器。
Visitors are requested to leave their coatsin the cloak –room. 请来宾吧大衣放在衣帽间里。 （增加主语）
He was born in the eastern part of the United State in a middle-class family, but was sen to the west, where he might live in a more healthful climate. 他生于美国东部一个中产阶级家庭。后来家里把他送到西部去，那儿的气候对他的健康有益。 a3译成表语主动句
My fist thirty years were spent in Western America. 我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。 4. it 被动句型的翻译 不加主语
It is hoped /reported/said/supposed that希望、据报、据说、据推测…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that可以毫不夸张地说….. It must be admitted that…必须承认…… It must be pointed out that…必须指出…… It will be seen from this that …由此可见…… 可加主语
It is asserted / believed that…有人主张/相信(认为)…… It is generally considered that…大家…… It is well known that
It will be said that … 有人会说…… It was told that … 有人曾经说…… b译成汉语被动句 译成“被”或“给”，“（遭）受”，“把”，“使”，“由”字句
Mr.Brown had been dispatched to make various preliminary inquiries. 布朗先生被派出去进行各种初步的探询。
The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使这家著名旅馆几乎全部毁灭。
She was blamed for everything her sister did. 她为妹妹所做的事受谴责。 Rivers are controlled by dams. 拦河坝把河流控制住了。 .
Exercises
1. A new student is kept on probation for one semester. (英主语—汉主语)
2. It should have been obvious that the plan would have to be scrapped. （英主—汉主语） 3. A large sum of money has been put aside for that purpose. （英主语—汉宾语） 4. I am afraid I shall be laughed at. (英主语—汉宾语) 5. The ship was destined for London.(译成表语主动句)
6. Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky. (译成表语主动句)
7. Last year the region was visited by the worst drought in 60 years. 8. Running water has long been used to turn the wheels of industry. 9 In case of non-delievery, letters must be returned to the senders. 10 . you are requested to give a performance. 11. Visitors are requested to show their tickets. 1 新生规定要见习一学期。
2 本来就很明显，这项计划得一笔勾销。 3 已经为那件事/那桩事拨了一大笔款项 4 我怕人家会笑我。 5 这艘船是去伦敦的。
6 彩虹是阳光透过空气中的小水滴时形成的。 7 去年这个地区遭受到六十年来最严重的旱灾。 8 很久以来，流水就被用来转动工业上用的轮子。 9 函件无法投递时，务必退还原主。 10请（你）给我们/大家表演一个节目。 11. 来宾请出示入场券。 二、句序
句序是指复合句中主句和从句的顺序，情况比较复杂，英汉语复合句中主句和从句之间的时间和逻辑顺序不完全相同。
He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacationbasking in the 1 2
Caucasian sun after the completion of the conetruction job he had been engaged in in the south. 3
他本来在南方从事一项建筑工作，任务完成之后，他就上格鲁吉亚去度假享受高加索的阳光，
昨天才坐飞机回来。
第三节 句子内容的一些其他翻译表达手段
