定语从句
一、 定语：
指：修饰、限定名词的词、短语或句子，汉语中常翻译成‘??的’。 (1)定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。a big smile an open fire (2)若修饰some,any,every,no等复合不定代词时，放后
（如：something strange奇怪的事情、nothing serious没什么要紧的事）； (3)to do不定式、V-ing/v-ed分词、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。
形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.） 小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy. Tom是个英俊的男孩。 There is a good story. 有个乖男孩。 数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
I spend ten dollars in buying this shoes./这两个男孩是学生。 There are thousands of boys in the yand./房间里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语：
His teacher needs Tom\\'s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 Their name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。
They are Tom’s parents..他们是汤姆的父母亲。 名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are ten books with names ,but without covers.这里有10本写了名字但是没封皮的书， 不定式作定语：
There is nothing （to do） today. 今天无事要做。 There are three experiments（ to do ） 还有三个实验要做。 She is looking for a place （to live.） 她正在寻找一个住处。 分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑男孩需要支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 句子做定语：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy whom you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
定语从句
名词（N） + 引导词 + （主）+ 谓 +（宾） 先行词 ← 定语从句（引导词就是考点） 修饰
I finally made a decision which / that ｛I have been thought about } for two weeks . 先行词 定语从句引导词 主 谓 状语
最终，我做出了我考虑两周了的决定.(主干：我做出了决定。定语部分我考虑了两个周的....：)
从句 which / that ｛I have been thought about } for two weeks 成分不完整， 先行词 decision做的就是从句的宾语，即：我考虑了两个周的决定。
定语成分解析：
A:The boy + needs a pen + 主语 谓语 宾语
who is reading which you bought yesterday 定语从句 定语从句
本句修饰名词boy,表示正在读书的男孩 本句修饰限定名词pen，表示你昨天买的那支笔 （who==the boy做从句is reading的主语） （which=pen做从句you bought 的宾语）
（The boy 是先行词，被定语从句所修饰） （Who 是从句引导词，代替boy在从句中做主语
B:The boy + is Tom. （主+系+表） Whom you will know 定语从句
（本句修饰限定名词boy,表：你将要认识的那个男孩） （whom=boy做从句you will know的宾语）
C:There are five boys +
who will play the game 定语从句
（本句修饰限定名词boys,表：准备玩游戏的男孩们） （who=boys做从句will play the game 的主语）
D:I saw some trees +
whose leaves were yellow. 定于从句 （本句修饰限定trees,表：“页子是黄色的”树）
(whose表示：...的，表明了tree 与leaves之间的所属关系)
1．定语从句：
修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2．先行词：“被修饰的词”叫先行词。 3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, 等； 关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词的三作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。 例如：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
该句中who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
关系代词引导的定语从句
1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语（也可以用that）。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。 Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
2. whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。
The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor老师常表扬的那个女孩是我们班长。 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who和that 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 例题：
1. I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble. A. who B. which C. they D. where 2. The foreigner _________ visited our school is from Canada. A. which B. when C. who D. whom 3. George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing. A. who B. whom C. he D. which
4. Where is the man _________ I saw this morning?
A. who B. that C. whom D. Whose 5. ---Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees? ---Yes, he does.
A. which B. whose C. where D. who 6.---Where is the scientist ________ gave us the talk yesterday? ---He has gone back to Qinghua University.
A. whom B. who C. whose D. which 8.I hate people _______ talk much but do little.
A. whose B. whom C. which D. who 3. Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。 The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。 He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。 This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。 The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
例题：
1. This is the place _____I have ever visited.
A. there B. when C. where D. which 12. This is the house _______ I want to buy.
A. in which B. that C. whose D. Where 2. The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important. A. who B. where C. what D. That 2. He talked about the lectures and schools ____ he had visited. A. that B. Which C. who D. Whom
4．That 指人时，相当于who 或whom； That指物时，相当于which.。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？ The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。 The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到一封来自澳洲的信。 5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 例题：
6. Mr. White______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman. A. who B. that C. whose D. Which 7. Do you know a boy ______ sister is a nurse in a hospital? A. who B. that C. whom D. Whose
（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。 We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about. We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。 注意
１：固定搭配一般不拆开，介词仍放在从句中，如look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误） ２．介词+whom
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)
