胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表
1. 语言的普遍特征： 任意性arbitrariness
双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity
移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性cultural transmission 2。语言的功能：
传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能：Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能 metalingual
3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支 语音学Phonetics 音位学 phonology 形态学 Morphology 句法学 syntax 语义学 semantics 语用学 pragmatics
4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure
提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky
提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance
1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:
a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present
d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before. 2.What is the most important function of language? a. interpersonal b. phatic
c. informative d.metallingual
3.The function of the sentence \a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative
4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __ a saussure b. halliday c. chomsky
d. the prague school
5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole? a. saussure b. chomsky c. halliday d anomymous 第二节 语音学
1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成
2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract. 3.辅音的发音方式
爆破音 complete obstruction 鼻音 nasals 破裂音 plosives
部分阻塞辅音 partial obstruction 擦音 fricatives
破擦音 affricates等 4.辅音清浊特征voicing 辅音的送气特征 aspiration 5.元音vowel
分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状
6双元音 diphthongs,有元音过渡 vowel glides 1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.
a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech b. the perception of sounds c. the combination of sounds d. the production of sounds
2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __ a. the place of articulation b.the obstruction f airstream c. the position of the tongue d. the shape of the lips
3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t a. voiceless b. spread c.voiced d.nasal
4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak? a. voicing b. aspiration c.roundness
d. nasality
5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English? a. voicing b.nasal
c. approximation d. aspiration
6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __ a. voiced stop b. voiceless stop c. voiced fricative d. voiceless fricative
7.p is divverent from k in __ a. the manner of articulation b. the shape of the lips
c. the vibration of the vocal cords d.the palce of articualtion
8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __ a. aspiration b.nasality c. obstruction d. voicing
第三节 音位学 phonology
1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
2.音位phoneme：最小语音单位 3.音位变体allophones:读音差别
4.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词， 5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首 6.音节syllable，分为节首onset，节峰peak，节尾coda
7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个 8.最小语音对minimal pairs I. Introduction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. What is Linguistics(语言学)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics 3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have. 3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it
tries to lay down rules for \
3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声). 4. The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.
Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.
Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.
Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer. II. Phonetics(语音学） 1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调） in the process.
Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节） by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经） and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送） between mouth and ear. 2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官） the producer of voice（声音发生器官） and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）
3. Consonants(辅音）
Places of articulation(发音部位）: bilabial,(双唇） Labiodentals,（唇齿） dental,（齿） alveolar,（齿龈） retroflex,（卷舌） palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚） velar,（软腭） uvular,（小舌） glottal(声门）
Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破） nasal,（鼻音） trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音） fricative,（摩擦） approximant,（近似音） affricate（破擦） 4. Vowels (元音）
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology（音韵学） 1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的） sound in a language. 2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme. 3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound. 4. Free variation (自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境）, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word. 5. Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment. 6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties( 性质） of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节），stress,（重音） word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音调）and intonation（语调）. IV. Morphology（词法） 1. inflection(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀）
2. Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程） of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系） They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）. 3. Morpheme(词素）： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. 4. Allomorph(同质异象变体）： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根） affix（词缀） and stem（词干）. 6. Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary. 7. Closed-class words(封闭性） and open-class words(开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上） indefinite or unlimited. 8. Word class(词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes. 9. Lexeme(词位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units. 10. Idiom(习语，成语）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序） which is semantically（语义上） and often syntactically(句法上） restricted.（限制）
11. Collocation(搭配）： the habitual(习惯的） co-occurrences （同时出现）of individual lexical items.
