武汉工程大学课程设计说明书
目 录
摘 要 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 3 引 言 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 第1章 设计条件与任务 .......................................................................................................... 2
1.1设计条件 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2设计任务 ......................................................................................................................................... 2
第2章 设计方案的确定 .......................................................................................................... 3
2.1 操作压力 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2.2进料方式 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3加热方式 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.4热能的利用 ..................................................................................................................................... 3
第3章 精馏塔的工艺设计 ...................................................................................................... 5
3.1全塔物料衡算.................................................................................................................................. 5
3.1.1原料液、塔顶及塔底产品的摩尔分数 ............................................................................. 5 3.1.2原料液、塔顶及塔底产品的平均摩尔质量...................................................................... 5 3.1.3物料衡算进料处理量 ......................................................................................................... 5 3.1.4物料衡算 ............................................................................................................................. 5 3.2实际回流比 ..................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2.1最小回流比及实际回流比确定 ......................................................................................... 6 3.2.2操作线方程 ......................................................................................................................... 7 3.2.3汽、液相热负荷计算 ......................................................................................................... 7 3.3理论塔板数确定.............................................................................................................................. 7 3.4实际塔板数确定.............................................................................................................................. 7 3.5精馏塔的工艺条件及有关物性数据计算 ...................................................................................... 8
3.5.1操作压力计算 ..................................................................................................................... 8 3.5.2操作温度计算 ..................................................................................................................... 8 3.5.3平均摩尔质量计算 ............................................................................................................. 8 3.5.4平均密度计算 ..................................................................................................................... 9 3.5.5液体平均表面张力计算 ................................................................................................... 10 3.6精馏塔的塔体工艺尺寸计算 ........................................................................................................ 12
3.6.1塔径计算 ........................................................................................................................... 12 3.6.2精馏塔有效高度计算 ....................................................................................................... 13
第4章 塔板工艺尺寸的计算 ................................................................................................ 14
4.1精馏段塔板工艺尺寸的计算 ........................................................................................................ 14
4.1.1溢流装置计算 ................................................................................................................... 14 4.1.2塔板设计 ........................................................................................................................... 15 4.2提馏段塔板工艺尺寸设计 ............................................................................................................ 15
4.2.1溢流装置计算 ................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.2塔板设计 ........................................................................................................................... 16 4.3塔板的流体力学性能的验算 ........................................................................................................ 16
4.3.1精馏段 ............................................................................................................................... 16 4.3.2提馏段 ............................................................................................................................... 18 4.4板塔的负荷性能图 ........................................................................................................................ 19
4.4.1精馏段 ............................................................................................................................... 19
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武汉工程大学课程设计说明书
4.4.2提馏段 ............................................................................................................................... 21
第5章 板式塔的结构 ............................................................................................................ 23
5.1塔体结构 ....................................................................................................................................... 23
5.1.1塔顶空间 ........................................................................................................................... 23 5.1.2塔底空间 ........................................................................................................................... 23 5.1.3人孔 ................................................................................................................................... 23 5.1.4塔高 ................................................................................................................................... 23 5.2塔板结构 ....................................................................................................................................... 24
第6章 附属设备 .................................................................................................................... 24
6.1冷凝器 ........................................................................................................................................... 24 6.2原料预热器 ................................................................................................................................... 24
第7章 接管尺寸的确定 ........................................................................................................ 26
7.1蒸汽接管 ....................................................................................................................................... 26
7.1.1塔顶蒸汽出料管 ............................................................................................................... 26 7.1.2塔釜进气管 ....................................................................................................................... 26 7.2液流管 ........................................................................................................................................... 26
7.2.1进料管 ............................................................................................................................... 26 7.2.2回流管 ............................................................................................................................... 26 7.2.3塔釜出料管 ....................................................................................................................... 26
第8章 附属高度确定 ............................................................................................................ 28
8.1筒体 ............................................................................................................................................... 28 8.2封头 ............................................................................................................................................... 28 8.3塔顶空间 ....................................................................................................................................... 28 8.4塔底空间 ....................................................................................................................................... 28 8.5人孔 ............................................................................................................................................... 28 8.6支座 ............................................................................................................................................... 28 8.7塔总体高度 ................................................................................................................................... 28
第9章 设计结果汇总 ............................................................................................................ 30 设计小结与体会 ...................................................................................................................... 32 参考文献 .................................................................................................................................. 33
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武汉工程大学课程设计说明书
摘 要
课程设计不同于平时的作业，在设计中需要我们自己做出决策，即自己确定方案、选择流程、查取资料、进行过程和设备计算，并要求自己的选择作出论证和核算，经过反复的分析比较，择优选定最理想的方案和合理的设计。所以，课程设计是培养提高学生独立工作能力的有益实践。对我们以后的设计方面有很大的帮助。
主要任务是:全塔物料衡算、操作回流比和理论塔板数的确定，计算冷凝器的热负荷，计算精馏段、提馏段的塔板效率，确定实际塔板数，塔径的估算，板式塔的工艺尺寸的计算（溢流装置和塔板的设计计算），流体力学性能的校核（板压力降、液面落差、液沫夹带、漏液、及液泛），塔板的负荷性能图的绘制（液相负荷下限线、液相负荷上限线、漏液先、液沫夹带线和溢流液泛线），塔的结构确定（塔体结构和塔板结构）附属设备的选型（塔顶冷凝器，塔底再沸器的，原料预热器换热面积）接管尺寸的确定，绘制精馏塔系统工艺流程图和装备图。
本次设计的是年处理量为25000 t.a-1甲醇和水的溶液，采用直接蒸汽加热，泡点进料。进过确定方案计算和核算，得到操作回流比为1.5，理论塔板数为10块，实际板数为25，塔板效率为42.43%，估算塔径为800mm，塔的总体高度为18.19m，堰长为0.42m，堰高为0.044m（精）0.0373m（提），筛孔直径为0.004m，筛孔数目为2250，板间距0.40m，塔的操作弹性1.29（精）1.75（提）。
关键词：精馏塔、设计、效率、塔板、人孔、塔间距
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武汉工程大学课程设计说明书
Abstract
Course design is different from the usual operation, the design decisions that need our
own, that his identification of programs, select the process, accessing information, carry out the process and equipment calculation and asked to demonstrate their choice and accounting, through repeated analysis comparison, the best option be selected and reasonable design. Therefore, the curriculum is to train students to work independently to improve the useful practice. The design of our future is very helpful.
Main tasks : full tower material balance, operating reflux ratio and theoretical plate number of identified, the condenser heat load calculation, calculation of distillation section, stripping section tray efficiency, to determine the actual number of trays, column diameter estimate the size of plate column calculation process (overflow devices and plate design and calculation), Hydrodynamic Performance Verification (plate pressure drop, liquid level drop, entrainment, weeping, and flooding), tray mapping of the load performance (lower line liquid load, liquid load limit line, leaking first, entrainment flooding line and overflow line), determined the structure of tower (the tower structure and tray configuration) ancillary equipment Selection (tower condenser, reboiler bottom of the column, the raw material preheater heat transfer area) to determine the size to take over, drawing flow chart of distillation systems and equipment plan.
This design is the annual processing capacity of 20000 ta-1 solution of methanol and water, direct steam heating, bubble point feed. Been to determine the program computation and accounting, are operating reflux ratio of 1.16, theoretical plate number 15, the actual plate number was 32, tray efficiency was 43.8%, estimate the tower diameter of 700mm, the overall tower height 18.19m, weir length 0.42m, weir height is 0.044m (fine) 0.0373m (mentioned), sieve diameter is 0.004m, the number of mesh 2250, plate spacing 0.40m, Tower's operating flexibility 1.29 (fine) 1.75 (mention) .
Keywords: distillation column, design, efficiency, trays, manholes, tower spacing
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武汉工程大学课程设计说明书
引 言
在炼油、石油加工、精细化工、食品、医药等部门，塔设备属于使用量大，应用面广的重要单元设备。塔设备广泛用于蒸馏、吸收、萃取、洗涤、传热的单元操作中。所以塔设备的研究与设计一直是国内外学者普遍关注的重要课题。
塔设备按其结构形式基本上可以分为两类：板式塔和填料塔。板式塔为逐板接触式汽液传质设备，它具有结构简单、安装方便、压降低，操作弹性大，持液量小等优点。同时也有投资费用较高，填料易堵塞等缺点。
本设计目的是分离甲醇-水混合液，采用筛板式精馏塔。
塔型的选择因素很多，主要有物料性质、操作条件、塔设备的制造安装和维修等。 1、 与物性有关的因素
（1） 本设计任务为分离甲醇-水混合物，对于二元混合物的分离，应该使用连续精馏。 （2） 易起泡的物系在板式塔中有较严重的雾沫夹带现象或引起液泛，应选填料塔。本设计为
甲醇和水，可选用板式塔。
（3） 对于有悬浮物或容易聚合物系的分离，为防止堵塞，宜选用板式塔。 2、 与操作条件有关的因素
（1） 对于有侧线进料和出料的工艺过程，选用板式塔为适宜；
（2） 对于液体喷淋密度极小的工艺过程，若采用填料塔，填料层得不到充分润湿，使其分离
效率明显下降，故宜选用板式塔。
在设计过程中应考虑到设计的精馏塔具有较大的生产能力满足工艺要求，另外还要有一定的潜力。节省能源，综合利用余热。经济合理，冷却水进出口温度的高低，一方面影响到冷却水用量。另一方面影响到所需传热面积的大小。即对操作费用和设备费用均有影响，因此设计是否合理的利用热能R等直接关系到生产过程的经济问题。
本课程设计的主要内容是过程的物料衡算，塔的工艺计算、结构设计和校核。
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