Unit 7 section A Woman at the management level 女性管理者
1When Monica applied for a job as an administrative assistant in 1971, she was asked whether she would rather work for a male or a female attorney. \man,\l, needing no personal accommodation whatsoever.\asked the same question, she said, \much more accessible to their employees; they're much more sensitive and intimate with their employees.\
1 当莫妮卡 1971 年申请一个行政助理的工作时，有人问她想与男律师共事还是与女律师共 事。 “我马上说想与男律师共事，”她说。 “我认为男老板和女雇员的关系更自然，丝毫不需 互相调整。 ” 但 20 年后，有人问她同样的问题时，她说： “令我感到惊喜的是，对员工来说， 女上司更容易接近，她们更能理解人，员工更亲密。”
preclude, discard, abandon, eliminate, abolish, dismiss preclude 排除
discard 丢弃，抛弃（可指人也可指物） abandon 放弃（某物） eliminate 消除，淘汰 abolish （依法）废除 dismiss 解雇
2 Female bosses today are still finding they face subtle resistance. There is still a segment of the population, both men and, surprisingly, women who report low tolerance for female bosses. The growing presence of femalebosses has also provoked two major questions that revolve around styles: Do men and women manage differently, and, if so, is that a good thing?
她们面临着不易察觉的阻力。 还是有一部分人——有2 今天的女上司仍然发现，
男性，令 人惊讶的是还有女性——说很难忍受为女性工作。 女上司的不断涌现，也引出了与工作方 式有关的两个主要问题：男人和女人管理风格不同吗？如果有不同，是一件好事吗？
基因技术的发展为人类社会带来了巨大的利益，但如何安排由此产生的利益分配问题也成为一个世界性的难题。
The development of genetic technology brings human beings huge profits, as well as a global puzzle on the problem of distribution of interests coming from the technology.
3 Monica is disposed to think so, on both counts. Now a 40-year-old mother of four, she is president of a public sector labor union with 45,000 members. \y employees are probably different from those of male managers preceding me,\ays. \coming in. I have a more flexible style — not soft, just more understanding.\ who is Monica's assistant agrees, \or a consensus. People are happy and flourish because they have an input into decisions and they are not mere bystanders; their energies are harnessed. On the other hand, consensus takes longer.\
3 莫妮卡对这两个问题都持肯定的意见。 莫妮卡现在 40 岁，有四个孩子，并且是一位拥有 45,000 名成员的公共部门工会的主席。 “我与员工的关系可能跟在我之前的前任男性主管不 同， ”她说。 “我知道当有人不得不打电话来说孩子得了腮腺炎而不能来上班是一种什么样的 状况。我的风格更灵活，这不是软弱，只是多了一点理解。” 莫妮卡的男助理表示赞成：“她 往往放权更多，并总是寻求共识。大家都很开心，也有成就感，因为他们参与了决策，而不 是单纯的旁观者。他们的能量得到了利用。当然从另一方面看，通过协商而达成一致意见需 要的时间要长一些。”
4 So, are the differences symbolic or real? Plausible studies suggest that men are typically hierarchical, goal-oriented and feel entitled. Women, by contrast, manage diplomatically, and share power. That point of view is often challenged and argued. Some proclaim that men and women of similar backgrounds, experience and aspirations basically manage in the same way. This view is echoed by younger women, especially those who have encountered little gender discrimination. That was certainly the lesson for Nicole. When her father died of a heart attack, she was an employee at a petroleum products export company. She quit and took over her family's 160-acre fruit farm in St.David's County. On her first day in the field, a worker called her \g to test me. I was shaking with anger,\‘You wouldn't have called my father darling and you're not going to take that liberty with me. If you do, I'll fire you.'\
这种差异是象征性的还是实质性的呢？ 可靠的研究指出，男人通常有等4 那么，
级观念， 以目标为导向，喜欢有权力的感觉。 相反，女人则是灵活变通的，愿意分享权力。 这一观 点往往受到质疑和争论。 有人宣称，有类似的背景、经验和抱负的男女，基本上管理方式 相同。 那些年轻女性，特别是很少遭受性别歧视的女性，也是这样认为的。 妮可尔无疑从 中得到了教训。 当她的父亲因心脏病去世时，她是一家石油产品出口公司的雇员。 她辞了 职，接管了她家在圣大卫县 160 英亩的果园。一名工人称她为“亲 爱的”。“他 她第一天出现在果园时， 是想试探我。我气得发抖，”现年 34 岁的妮可尔说。 “我挺直腰板站在那里跟他 说：‘你不会称我父亲亲爱的，所以你也没有权利这样称呼我。如果你再这样做，我会解雇 你。’”
5 When women work for women, a different dynamic often takes over. Susan, a cashier in a Toronto auction house, says that she has explored friendships with some of her female bosses and feels she can rely on them more. While women may feel more at ease with a female boss, men often have to make concessions to the new working styles. Brian, a marine biologist, says, \ enough to relax around a female manager. In fact, my relations with her were much m
往往会用一种不同的工作和交流方ore businesslike.\5 当女性为女上司工作时，
式。 苏珊是多伦多一家拍卖 行的收银员，她说，她与一些女上司建立起了友谊，她感到她们更能够依靠。 虽然女性可 能会觉得与女上司相处时更自然，男性却往往不得不作出改变以适应女上司新的工作方 式。“我 海洋生物学家布赖恩说：花了几年时间才能在与女经理共事时感到轻松自如。事实 上，之前我与她的关系更多只是一种务实的工作关系。”
6 To some extent, the male-female differences come down to conflicting styles. One female vice-president discussed the time she burst into tears during a meeting. \ink that tears are a nuclear weapon in a conventional war. They take exception to a woman crying, inferring that she's feeling unhappy or violated.\tand that what prompted her tears was not hurt but genuine rage. \cause we have all this valid rage that has no appropriate release,\y; men get relief by going on with the offense or by veiling their feelings to appear composed.\从某种程度上说，男女之间的差异归根结底是工作方式的冲突。 一位女副总裁谈到她在 一次会议上忍不住落泪的经历时说：“男人认为女人的眼泪就是常规战争中的核武器。他们对女人的哭泣很不满，认为她们是感觉不愉快或受到了侵犯。” 男人不明白，促使她掉泪的 不是因为受到伤害，而是真正的愤怒。 “我们哭泣是因为我们所有这一切合理的愤怒没有适 当的地方释放，”她说。“女人通过哭来释放情绪，男人通过继续冒犯或掩盖自己的情绪以显 示镇定自若来释放情绪。”
7 Deborah, president of a firm with its headquarters in Toronto, says that even if men do understand, they sometimes react differently to the identical information and to her cooperative management style.
她表示，即使男人明白是怎么回事，7 德博拉是一家总部在多伦多的公司的总裁，
有时他 们对同样的信息、对她的合作型管理风格也会有不同的反应。
8 Deborah says that her authority is sometimes undermined by perceptions about her gender. \
men and women,\n't take as much notice as when Dad told you to do things. Men also have a stronger urge to control,\8 德博拉说，她的权威有时因性别观念作祟而受到损害。 “这源于整个社会对男性和女性的 传统角色的界定，”她说。 “妈妈会让你做事情，但也许你不会像爸爸让你做事情那样在意。” 男人也有更强的控制欲。她说。
9 For female bosses, the great expectation of some female employees is one more obstacle. Junior women assume a female boss will promote them more quickly than a man would. But, they also expect female bosses to be more self-sufficient. \‘Why can't you scan your own stuff?' or ‘Why can't you do your own filing?'\ one senior female executive. 9 对女上司来说，一些女员工过高的期望是另一个障碍。 职位较低的女员工认为女上司会 比男上司更迅速地提拔她们。 但是，她们也希望女上司能揽下更多的事。一位资深的女主 管说：“她们会问，‘为什么你不能自己扫描文件？’或‘为什么你不能自己整理文件？’”
obstruction, barrier, hindrance, obstacle, bar 这组词都有“障碍(物)”的意思，其区别是：
obstruction 常既指具体的障碍又可指抽象或喻意上的阻碍。 barrier 常指临时的或者可能跨越的障碍。 hindrance 指妨碍他人进步或做事的人或物。
obstacle 指在达到目的或前进的过程中必须消除或绕过的障碍物，也指起阻碍作用等情况。 bar 既可指阻止进出或通过的栅栏一类的障碍物，也可用于抽象意义障碍。
10 On the other hand, there is no dispute that a few decades ago they would rarely have had a female boss in the workplace. Nina, a management consultant says she's vaguely optimistic. \ the best management styles will be composed of the best that both genders bring to the table ...\me. 10 另一方面，几十年前人们工作的地方几乎不可能有女上司，这一点毫无争议。 管理顾问 尼娜说自己审慎乐观。 “我期待某一天，在我临死之前，我们会意识到最好的管理风格是由 男女双方带来的最佳组合??” 嗯，她停顿了一下，可能不是在她去世之前，也许在她女儿 的有生之年会实现吧。
