Computer Science in English Designed and Programmed By Jiang Tongqiang Miao Tianshun
Teaching Assisted Courseware 1
Computer Science in English
Chapter 3: Computer System Architecture 2
Chapter 3
I. Pre-reading Questions
1. How many types of parallel processing do you know? Name at least four of them.? Reference Key:
There are a variety of ways that parallel processing can be classified. One classification introduced by M. J. Flynn considers the organization of a computer system by the number of instructions and data items that are manipulated simultaneously. Flynn’s classification divides computers into four major groups as follows:
Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD). Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD). Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD). Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD). 3
Chapter 3
I. Pre-reading Questions 2. What is a pipelining? Reference Key:
Pipelining is a technique of decomposing a sequential process into suboperations, with each subprocess being executed in a special dedicated segment that operates concurrently with all other segments. 4
Chapter 3
I. Pre-reading Questions 3. What is a RISC? Reference Key: RISC processors exclude these instructions, opting for a smaller instruction set with simpler instructions. 5
分词结构used to denote a large class …… computer system从作定语，修饰a term。 that引导的限制性定语从句，修饰techniques。
for the purpose of increasing the computational speed of a computer system是介词短语作状语，表示目的。denote：表示……的意义。
1. Parallel processing is a term used to denote a large class of techniques that are used to provide simultaneous data-processing tasks for the purpose of increasing the computational speed of a computer system.
II. Grammatical Notes to the Text 6
the amount of processing that can accomplished during a given interval of time作throughput的同位语。限制性定语从句that can be accomplished during a given interval of time修饰the amount of processing。interval：间隔，空隙。
2. The purpose of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing capability and increase its throughput, that is, the amount of processing that can be accomplished during a given interval of time.
II. Grammatical Notes to the Text 7
it指代的是前一个句子中叙述的事情。
由from连接is 3个介词短语是并列的，都作considered 的状语。
3. It can be considered from the internal organization of the processors, from the interconnection structure between processors, or from the flow of information through the system. II. Grammatical Notes to the Text 8
be characterized by：有特点。
名词从句 that they require …… to complete 作fact 的同位语。
限制性定语从句that will take a conventional computer days or even weeks to complete 修饰computations。
4. These problems are characterized by the fact that they require a vast number of computations that will take a conventional computer days or even weeks to complete. II. Grammatical Notes to the Text 9
不定式短语to achieve the required level of high performance 作状语，表示目的;it是形式主语，其作用是为了避免句子结构头重脚轻。真正的主语是to utilize …… techniques。innovative：创新的。介词短语from vector and parallel processing techniques作定语，修饰procedures。 5. To achieve the required level of high performance it is necessary to utilize the fastest and most reliable hardware and apply innovative procedures from vector and parallel processing techniques.
II. Grammatical Notes to the Text 10
形容词短语capable of vector processing 作主语，修饰a computer。eliminate：去除，消除。过去分词结构associated with …… loop 修饰the overhead。
限制性定语从句it takes to fetch and execute the instructions in the program loop修饰the time，连接词that被省略了。
6. A computer capable of vector processing eliminates the overhead associated with the time it takes to fetch and execute the instructions in the program loop. II. Grammatical Notes to the Text 11
现在分词短语specifying the base address of the operands 修饰three fields。介词with连接了两个名词性短语：three fields …与an additional field。限制性定语从句that gives the length of the data items in the vectors 修饰an additional field。
7. This is essentially a three-address instruction with three fields specifying the base address of
the operands and an additional field that gives the length of the data items in the vectors. II. Grammatical Notes to the Text 12
该句包含一个宾语从句that reducing the propagation …… more quickly。 现在分词短语reducing the propagation delay within the CPU作从句中的主语。 分词短语performing each instruction more quickly作状语，表示结果。
8. They reasoned that reducing the propagation delay within the CPU would allow the CPU to run at a higher frequency, thus performing each instruction more quickly. II. Grammatical Notes to the Text 13
Depending on …… functions 为分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语是this approach。介词on后边带着由how引导的宾语从句，以及中心词为the number of instructions的名词性短语。过去分词短语needed to perform their functions修饰the number of instructions。
9. Depending on how frequently the eliminated instructions were needed, and the number of instructions needed to perform their functions, this approach might or might not improve system performance.
II. Grammatical Notes to the Text 14
whether pin compatible or not 是插入语，相当于状语的作用。
as后边省略了the software，这种the same…as…的结构，可以避免重复。
10. This same backward compatibility, whether pin compatible or not, allows the CISC CPU to run the same software as used by the predecessors in its family. II. Grammatical Notes to the Text 15
parallel [5pArElel] adj. 平行的，类似的，并联的 sequential [si5kwinFEl] adj. 连续的；顺[次] 序的 concurrent [kEn5kQrEnt] adj. 并发的，协作的 accomplish [E5kCmpliF] vt. 完成，达到，实现 feasible [5fi:zEbl] adj. 可行的，切实可行的 distinguish [dis5tiN^wiF] v. 区别，辨别 divert [di5vE:t] v. 转移，转向
manipulate [mE5nipjuleit] vt. 操作，使用(机器等) constitute [5kCnstitju:t] vt. 制定，建立，组成 theoretical [WiE5retik(E)l] adj. 理论的
classification [7klAsifi5keiFEn] n. 分类，分级 III. Words Bank to the Text 16
segment [5se^mEnt] n. 段，节，片断 partition [pB:5tiFEn] n. 分割，划分
analogous [E5nAlE^Es] adj. 类似的，相似的 elapse [i5lAps] vi. (时间)过去，消逝
demonstrate [5demEnstreit] vt. 示范，证明
conventional [kEn5venFEnl] adj. 惯例的，常规的 artificial [B:ti5fiF(E)l] adj. 人造的；人工的
sophisticated [sE5fistikeitid] adj. 精密复杂的 utilize [ju:5tilaiz] vt. 利用 matrix [5meitriks] n. 矩阵
scalar [5skeilE] adj. 梯状的，数量的，标量的 III. Words Bank to the Text 17
variable [5vZEriEbl] n. [数]变数，可变物，变量 paradoxical [7pArE5dCksikEl] a. 自相矛盾的 propagation [prRpE5^eiF(E)n] n. 繁殖，传播 eliminate [i5limineit] vt. 排除，消除
invariably [in5veEriEb(E)li] adv. 不变地，总是 correspond [kCris5pCnd] vi. 符合，通信，相应 exclude [iks5klu:d] vt. 拒绝接纳，排斥 compatibility [kEm7pAti5biliti] n. 兼容性 intermingle [7intE(:)5miN^l] v. 混合 hybrid [5haibrid] n. 混血儿，混合物 III. Words Bank to the Text 18
IV. Exercises Comprehension Filling blanks Vocabulary True or False Matching terms Summary
Cloze (Summarizing the Text) Translating Sentences Collocation
Translating terms Selecting words Conceptual Phrases Translation 19
1. It is characteristic of ________ that several computations can be in process in distinct segments at the same time.
2. ___________ is made possible by associating a register with each segment in the pipeline.
3. The vector instruction includes the initial address of the operands, _______, and the operation to be performed. 1. Pipelines
2.The overlapping of computation 3.the length of the vector
I. Fill in the following blanks. 20
4.______ processors have fewer and simpler instructions than _______ processors.
5. The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes an______.The operations performed on the data in the processor constitutes a_________. 4.RISC CISC
5. instruction stream data stream I. Fill in the following blanks. 21
1. Shift registers operate in serial fashion all the bits of the word at a time.
2. RISC processors have larger instruction sets that often include some particularly complex instructions.
3. SIMD represents an organization that includes many processing units under the supervision of a common control unit.
4. Parallel processing is established by distributing the data among the multiple functional units. 5. RISC is a complex instruction set computer. II. True or False. 1.F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 22 (a) SISD (b) SIMD (c) E2PROM (d) MIMD
_______ multiple instruction stream, single data stream _______ single instruction stream, multiple data stream _______ multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream _______ single instruction stream, single data stream III. Matching terms. 2.b 3.d 4.a 1.c 23
1. parallel processing 2. pipeline processing 3. vector processing 4. scalar processor
5. backward compatibility 1.并行处理 2流水线处理 3. 向量处理 4. 标量处理器 5. 向下兼容
IV. Translating Terms. 24
