Unit1
1、off and on (or on and off):
from time to time; now and again; irregularly
It has been raining on and off for a week. That?s why the clothes feel damp.
As her boy slept soundly during the night, she was able to doze off and on in a bedside chair. 2、take hold:
v. become established
The idea of one child has taken hold in many Chinese families. 老习惯是很难摆脱的。这就是为什么你要在习惯养成前戒烟。
Old habits die hard. That?s why you should stop smoking before the habit takes hold. 3、associate:
vt. join or connect together; connect or bring in the mind 我们总是把北京与长城联系起来。
We often associate Beijing with The Great Wall.
I can?t associate this gentle young woman with the murder. Jim wished to forget everything associated with his former life. 4、turn out: v
1)come out or gather as for a meeting, public event, etc. 2)prove to be 3)shut off
4)produce; make
Match the above definitions with the sentences below. A large group of protesters have turned out. The school has turned out some great scholars. Turn out the light before you go to bed. The plan turned out a failure. 5、anticipate:
vt. expect (followed by gerund or that-clause)
The socialist anticipates trouble from “after-90?s” will increase dramatically. 他们预测到2012年死于艾滋病的人数将增加一倍。
They anticipate that deaths from AIDS will have doubled by 2012. 该动词所接的宾语可以是动名词，不可用不定式代替。 We anticipate visiting the Summer Palace. We anticipate hearing from you again. 6、tedious:
adj. boring and lasting for a long time
The movie was so tedious that they left before it was over.
Laura found Bush to be tedious and decided not to see him anymore. 这工作乏味但工钱不少。
The job is tedious, but the pay is good. 7、reputation (Para2, L3) n.name
e.g: This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing. 该商店因买卖公道而享极高的声誉。 practice: 那个案件损害了他的声誉。 That case has hurt his reputation.
8、inspire: (Para2,L4)
vt. fill (sb.) with confidence, eagerness, etc.
Martin Luther King?s speeches inspired people to fight for equal treatment of African Americans. Survivals of the earthquake inspired us to be persistent. Collocation:
inspire sth. in sb. (= inspire sb. with sth.)
使某人产生某种感情；激发某人的某种感情 他的一番鼓励激起了我的信心。
His encouraging remarks inspired confidence in me. 9、rigid: (Para2, L5)
adj. (often disapproving) fixed in behavior; based on correct or accepted rules; strict 如果他从前对事情不那么严格苛刻的话，他女儿就不会这么年轻就离家出走了。
If he had been a little less rigid about things, his daughter would not have left home at such a young age.
The headmaster was so rigid that he would button up his clothes even on the hottest days. 10、out of date (Para2, L5) adj. old-fashioned
e.g: This kind of machine is out of date.这种机器过时了。 practice:黑色永远不过时。 Black is never out-of-date. 11、severe: adj. (Para2, L7) 1) completely plain
The widow likes wearing severe black dress. 海明威以其朴实的写作风格而闻名于世。 Hemingway is known for his severe writing style. 2) stern; strict
Only those who have undergone severe training can graduate from Westpoint. Fu Lei was so severe with his son that even his wife would cry. 3) causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, etc.
工厂必须生产出更新更好的产品，才能在激烈的商业竞争形势中获胜。
A factory must turn out newer and better products to win in the climate of severe business competition.
12、distribute vt.(1) allot 分配, 分给
e.g: The foreman distributes the work every morning. 工头每天早晨分派工作。
practice: 在战争中, 所有的食品都按计划分配。 During the war, all foods were distributed in a planned way.
2) spread 散发; 散播; 分布
e.g: Fuel resources are very unevenly distributed. 燃料资源分布很不均匀。 practice: 这些书免费散发。 These books are distributed freely. 13、face up to:
be brave enough to accept or deal with (a problem or difficulty)勇敢地对付(或接受)
Yeltsin faced up to the fact that he was no longer fit for the Russian presidency and resigned on New Year?s Eve.
她必须正视她已不再年轻这一事实.
She must face up to the fact that she is no longer young. 14、extraordinary adj.
（1）strange
e.g: What an extraordinary hat! 多么奇特的帽子呀！ （2）not normal or ordinary
她的意志力是非凡的。 Her strength of will was extraordinary. 15、sequence: n.
series; connected line of events, ideas, etc. order
连续的歉收（bad harvest）迫使一些非洲国家请求外国援助（foreign aid）。 A sequence of bad harvests forced some African countries to ask for foreign aid. The book was written in historical sequence. Collocation： in sequence 顺次，挨次 in rapid sequence 紧接着，一个接着一 in regular sequence 按次序，有条不紊 the sequence of events 事情的先后 16、recall: vt.
bring back to the mind; remember (usu. followed by noun / gerund, or that-clause) I recognize the face but can?t recall her name. I don?t recall ever meeting her.
She recalled that she had to see her friend off that afternoon. 17、put down: write down
我把每天的开支记在小记事本上。I put down the daily expenses in a little notebook. Put down what you hear, please. 18、violate: vt.
act against; break; be contrary to
Speeding in downtown areas violates traffic regulations.
A country isn?t respected if it violates an international agreement. 19、compose: vt.
write or create (music, poetry, etc.)
The president?s speech is really brilliant. Do you think it was composed by himself or by someone else?
John Lennon composed the song Beautiful Boy for his son. 20、command: 1. n. order
The commander gave the command that all prisoners of war should be well treated. 2. v. give an order (to)
船长命令船员立刻离船。
The captain commanded his men to leave the ship immediately. If you command wisely, you?ll be obeyed cheerfully. [谚语]指挥有方，人人乐从。
He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself. [谚语]不能指挥自己就不能指挥别人。
He commanded that all the gates (should) be shut. Collocation: get command of 控制 have a good command of 能自由应用
have … at one?s command 能充分掌握… take command of 开始担任…指挥 under (the) command of 由…指挥；在…指挥之下 21、discipline
n.(1) training 训练, 锻炼, 训导
e.g: She needs the discipline of having to write an essay every week. 她需要进行每周写一篇文章的训练。
(2) system of rules 纪律
e.g: Our soldiers showed perfect discipline under heavy fire from the enemy's guns. 在敌人的炮火下, 我们的士兵表现出良好的纪律。 (3) punishment 处罚, 处分
e.g:必须对这个孩子加以惩罚。 That child needs discipline. vt.(1) train 训练, 训导
e.g: She must have been well disciplined for her orderliness.她有条不紊, 一定受过良好的训练。 (2) punish 处罚, 惩罚
e.g:那孩子常因为逃学而受到处罚。
The boy was often disciplined for staying away from school. 22、hold back:
1) prevent the expression of (feelings, tears, etc.)
Johnny cried bitterly in the classroom, not even attempting to hold back the tears. 2) make sb. or sth. stop moving forward
The men built banks of earth to hold back the rising flood water. 3) prevent the development of
You could become a good musician, but your lack of practice is holding you back. 4) keep (sth.) secret
把事情全告诉我，不要隐瞒任何细节。 Tell me about it — don?t hold anything back.
Unit2
1、available adj.
1) able to be got, obtained, used, etc.
可得到的,可买到的，可利用的[(+for/to)]
e.g. The Internet is not available right now, there is something wrong with it.
网络故障，现不可用。
T: 这个游泳池只在夏天开放。 The swimming pool is available only in summer. 2）able to be visited or seen; not too busy 有空的,可与之联系的 e.g. The doctor is not available now. 医生现在没空。 2、or something: or something like that
(used when you are not very sure about what you have just said) 诸如此类
e.g. She rescued three children from a fire or something. 她从一起火灾之类的事故中救出了三个孩子。 T: 格林先生大概是店主之类的人。
Mr. Green is a shopkeeper or something. 3、estimate：
vt. make a judgment about (the quantity or value) of something
e.g. They estimated the number of visitors at 10 million per year.
他们估计每年有千万的来访者。
T: 同事们对他的评价都很高。 He is highly estimated among his colleagues. 4、keep up: continue without stopping
e.g. The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up. 原料费用昂贵使得产品价格居高不下。 Rain Kept up all day. 雨下个不停。
T: 不要落后，要跟上! Never fall behind, keep up!
我认为跟上时代是很重要的。 I think it important that we keep up with the times. Collocation： keep to 坚持；信守 keep up with 跟上；赶上 keep on 继续进行；反复地做 keep out of 躲开；（使）置身于…之外 keep off 避开；不让…接近 5、kind of (AmE)/ sort of (BrE):
a little bit（used before verb or after a link verb)
e.g. The boy?s description kind of gives us an idea of what is happening. 这个男孩的描述让我们多多少少知道发生了什么事。
T: 她虽然不漂亮，但有点可爱。 She wasn't beautiful, but she was kind of cute. 6、come up:
1) happen or occur, esp. unexpectedly
e.g. The flowers are just beginning to come up. 花刚开始长出地面。
T: I?ll let him know if anything comes up. 如有什么事,我会告诉他的。 2) be mentioned or discussed
e.g. News about Project Hope has come up a lot after the earthquake in various media. 地震之后，媒体上出现了出多关于希望工程的新闻。 T: 这个问题还没有被提出来。 The question hasn't come up yet. 7、Urge：v.
to advise or try hard to persuade sb to do sth 催促;力劝;激励;怂恿
e.g. Motoring organizations are urging drivers not to travel by road if possible. 机动车协会劝告开车的人暂时不要使用公路。
T: 他们催促我们马上去。 They urged us to go at once. 2) Urge that: 极力主张;强烈要求
e.g. My friends urged that I (should) apply for the job. 朋友们力劝我申请那份工作。 T: 他极力主张他们去纽约。 He urged that they go to New York. 8、Reference:
1）reference to sb/sth: mentioning sb/sth 提及，提到
e.g. His book on history contains many references to George Washington. 他的那部历史书有很多处论及乔治·华盛顿。 T: 老板没有提及他以前的雇主。
The boss didn't make any reference to his former employer.
2）参考,参照; 参考文献; 出处
e.g. References are given in full at the end of this article. 本文末尾处有全部的参考书目。 T: 这本书仅供参考。 This book is for reference only.
3）a letter written by sb who knows you, giving information about your character and abilities 推荐函[C]
T: 我的教授给我写了很好的推荐信。 My professor gave me a good reference 9、hang out 1) 闲逛
e.g. On holidays, we like to go to the forest cabin and let it all hang out. 在假日，我们喜欢去森林小木屋完全放轻松。
e.g. Where does he hang out these days? 他这些日子里都在什麽地方来着? T: 他们通常去酒吧打发时间。 They usually hang out in the bar. 2) 挂出
e.g. They hung out the flags. 他们挂出了旗帜。 10、choke: v. choke up 1) breathe with great difficulty窒息
e.g. She choked with emotion. 她激动得说不出话来。
T: 这孩子几乎被浓烟窒息了。 The child was almost choked by the heavy smoke. 2) block up阻塞
e.g. Leaves choked the drain. 树叶把水沟塞住了.
Unit3
1、cut off:
v. stop providing; remove by cutting
eg: Fail to pay and they?ll cut off the electricity.
practice: 他把树干上的小分枝都剪掉。 He cut off the branches from the trunk. 2、in terms of: as regards
eg: In terms of money, he's quite rich, but not in terms of happiness. practice: 那些数字是以百分数表示的。
The figures are expressed in terms of a percentage 3、precise: a. exact
eg: His instructions were not very precise.
practice: 我无法告诉你确切的日期。 I can't give you a precise date. 4、concept:
n. idea; general notion
eg: He presented a new concept of the beginning of the universe. practice: 他掌握不了数学的基本概念.
He can't grasp the basic concepts of mathematics. His ideas are beyond my grasp. 5、convey:
v. make (ideas, feelings, etc) known to another person eg: Words cannot convey how delighted I was.
practice: 我觉得难以用言语表达我的感情。 I found it hard to convey my feelings in words.
2）参考,参照; 参考文献; 出处
e.g. References are given in full at the end of this article. 本文末尾处有全部的参考书目。 T: 这本书仅供参考。 This book is for reference only.
3）a letter written by sb who knows you, giving information about your character and abilities 推荐函[C]
T: 我的教授给我写了很好的推荐信。 My professor gave me a good reference 9、hang out 1) 闲逛
e.g. On holidays, we like to go to the forest cabin and let it all hang out. 在假日，我们喜欢去森林小木屋完全放轻松。
e.g. Where does he hang out these days? 他这些日子里都在什麽地方来着? T: 他们通常去酒吧打发时间。 They usually hang out in the bar. 2) 挂出
e.g. They hung out the flags. 他们挂出了旗帜。 10、choke: v. choke up 1) breathe with great difficulty窒息
e.g. She choked with emotion. 她激动得说不出话来。
T: 这孩子几乎被浓烟窒息了。 The child was almost choked by the heavy smoke. 2) block up阻塞
e.g. Leaves choked the drain. 树叶把水沟塞住了.
Unit3
1、cut off:
v. stop providing; remove by cutting
eg: Fail to pay and they?ll cut off the electricity.
practice: 他把树干上的小分枝都剪掉。 He cut off the branches from the trunk. 2、in terms of: as regards
eg: In terms of money, he's quite rich, but not in terms of happiness. practice: 那些数字是以百分数表示的。
The figures are expressed in terms of a percentage 3、precise: a. exact
eg: His instructions were not very precise.
practice: 我无法告诉你确切的日期。 I can't give you a precise date. 4、concept:
n. idea; general notion
eg: He presented a new concept of the beginning of the universe. practice: 他掌握不了数学的基本概念.
He can't grasp the basic concepts of mathematics. His ideas are beyond my grasp. 5、convey:
v. make (ideas, feelings, etc) known to another person eg: Words cannot convey how delighted I was.
practice: 我觉得难以用言语表达我的感情。 I found it hard to convey my feelings in words.
