28.It is late; _______， I'm too tired to go out. A. besides 29. Everything around us is __________solid, liquid _________gas. A. not ...but...
B. either...or...
B. except C. except for C. neither...nor... A. whether A. If A. whether A. so
B. unless B. Where B. if B. that
D. except that
D. whether...or... C. if C. That C. how C. so that
D. while D. Whether D. where D. in order to
30. He will come _______you ask him. 31._______he will come or not is still unknown. 32.I don’t know _____to stay at home or go out.
33. He spoke loudly ________the audience could hear him clearly. 34. The book is not easy. _______it's rather difficult. A. On the one hand
B. On the contrary
C. On the other hand
B. whether B. when B. however B. whatever B. What B. where
D. On the other contrary C. otherwise C. otherwise C. wherever C. that C. Whoever C. whoever D. When
B. At once C. Only D. Only then
D. No matter where D. as well as C. So far as C. as far as C. what C. Which C. why C. which C. which C. where C. which C. as C. when C. since C. as soon as
D. After
D. As well as D. as soon as D. whose D. How D. how D. whose D. who D. / D. what D. since D. / D. before D. before D. unless D. therefore D. whenever D. as D. Whatever D. whenever
35. You must work hard,_________you will not learn English well. A. if 36. It rained heavily_______the basketball match had to be put off. A. so that 37. We must do _________ the people want us to do. 38. You are certainly right, ___________others may say. 39._______makes mistakes must correct them. 40. I’ll discuss it with you ________you like to come. A. Wherever
B. Whenever
A. whatever A. what A. Who A. when C. Where
41.________you work，you must always serve the people heart and soul.
42._______ you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty. A. Once 43._________difficult the task may be, we must fulfill it this month. A. No matter how A. so far as
B. No matter what B. so long as
C. No matter when C. as soon as A. As soon as A. as well as A. that A. What A. what A. what A. what A. why A. while A. while A. while
B. As long as B. so long as B. why B. Whom B. that B. that B. that B. that B. when B. as soon as B. as B. as B. when
44. We can surely overcome these difficulties, ________ we are closely united. 45.__________ I know, he will stay here for half a year. 46. Please write me _________ you arrive in New York. 47. That is not ________ I want. 48._________he did it remains a secret. 49. It is quite clear ________he won't see us.
50. Would you tell me ___________way I should take？ 51. I am sure _________ you said is true. 53. It has not been decided _________they will leave. 54. We shall go __________you are ready. 55. He will tell you about it ____ you get there. 56. Don't try to get off the bus ________ it has stopped.
52. The trouble is __________we can not find such an expert. A. why
57. I'll come and see you _________I go to the countryside. A. while A. While
B. When
C. Since
58. _______he came to study in the university, he has made much progress in the study of English. 59. Things have changed a lot ____________I wrote to you last time. 60. I can't use your pen, ________there is no ink in it. 61. I’d like to go swimming ________ the water is not too cold. 62. Difficulties are nothing ___________we are not afraid of them. A. when
B. if
A. when A. for A. for A. for
C. for A. until A. where
B. where B. when
B. since C. as B. when B. unless B. as
C. if C. if C. if D. unless C. which C. that
D. when D. after
D. before D. whether D. whether D. whether
63. The doctor will not perform the operation _________it is absolutely necessary. 64. Go back _________ you came from. 65. He lay ____________ the grass was the thickest.
46.
66. You will find friendly people _______you go in China.
67. _______it was already dark, they went on working in the fields. 68. ___________he has finished writing the novel is unknown. 69. We’ll go and see the patient ________we are busy. A. such... that
B. as...as
A. where
A. If A. If
B. and B. Whether B. Whether B. for
C. wherever C. But C. When C. if D. so … as
D. so D. Though D. While D. while D. since D. Though
A. even if C. so...that
A. after A. Since
70. The museum is ________far __________it will take us half an hour to get there by bus.
二、语法连词基础练习:
1. My aunt has worked in the factory ______she came here. 2. ____________he was ill, he didn’t come to school. A. either…or
B. both…and
B. before B. For
C. till C. /
3. The ground must be just right _________too wet __________too dry.
C. between…and A. Both; and C. because A. Because
B. As that
A. Neither…nor
B. Either…or
B. Either; and
D. neither…nor C. Both; or D. as soon as C. Since
D. For
C. Both…and
D. Not only… but also
D. Neither; nor
4. __________you __________I am a worker. A. when
B. while
5. He was walking in the street __________he dropped his book on the ground. 6. ____________everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting. 7. _______John ________I are policemen.
8. —How long has this bookshop been in business? —__________1982. A. After
9. —I don’t like chicken _________fish. —I don’t like chicken, __________I like fish very much. A. and; and A. no sooner; when A. no sooner; when
B. and; but B. hardly; then B. no sooner; than
C. or; but C. hardly; when C. hardly; than
A. so I don’t
A. or
B. so don’t I
B. as; to B. but
B. In C. From D. Since D. or; and D. as soon as when D. as soon as; when C. either I do D. neither do I C. so; that C. for
D. only; but also D. and
10. I had _________entered the room _________he left it. 11. I had __________knocked at the door _________she opened it.
12. Neither you __________I ___________anyone else knows the answer. A. or; nor B. nor; or C. nor; nor D. or; or 13. He doesn’t like coffee and ___________.
14. It is not _________hot today _________yesterday. 15. Try hard, __________you will pass the exam. A. either…or
B. neither…nor
A. as; as
16. You should __________help each other __________learn from each other.
C. not only…but also
D. both…and
17. —Why won’t you see the film? —____________I’ve seen it before. A. Because B. Since C. As D. For 18. ____________he didn’t know very much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary. A. If
B. As
C. Though A. and
B. but
D. While C. then
D. nor
19. He couldn’t speak English __________could she write it. 20. It was __________work that I couldn’t finish it on time. A. so difficult
B. such a difficult
C. so difficult a A. that A. as A. if A. in
B. as B. while B. whether B. on
D. such difficult C. for C. when C. that C. after D. not; until C. so that C. as soon as D. either…but
D. so soon as D. since
D. when D. since D. which D. by
21. It was May 3rd ___________he came here last time. 22. He rang me up __________he heard of his sister’s arrival. 23. I have settled the problem of __________I will go home. 24. His mother will come back _________four o’clock. A. both; and
B. either; or
25. He may reach Nanjing ___________on Tuesday ___________on Wednesday.
C. not only; but also
B. while B. while
A. because C. neither…nor
26. All the students stopped talking ____________the teacher came in. A. if 27. It began to rain ___________people were planting trees. 28. It is __________too hot ___________too cold in that country. A. neither…and
B. either…not
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29. Mr. Read has taught in that small town ____________he left Canada in 1998. A. when B. after C. for D. since 30. I’ll tell him to give you a call ___________he comes back. 31. __________, he knows a lot. A. Child as is he 32. __________she returns nothing can be done. 33. I have no brother ___________no sister. A. but
B. for
A. because B. since A. Till A. or C. and yet A. because A. and; is A. for A. Since
A. if
B. since B. or; is B. since B. As B. whether B. Until B. yet
C. as soon as D. but D. Child as he is a C. That C. but D. while C. as C. and; are C. as C. For C. that D. if it stopped
C. as
D. for
C. such an C. and B. as C. yet C. as long as D. since
D. such a D. however C. when D. besides
D. unless
D. so
D. for D. or; and D. because D. Because D. what D. Whether D. and
B. Child as he is C. Child is as he
34. They have studied English for only two years, ____________they can perform short plays in English. 35. It is daybreak, ___________the birds are singing. 36. A fork __________knife ___________on the table. 37. It was _________Jim was ill that he could not come here. 38. Why is he absent? __________he is sick.
39. We don’t doubt ________he can finish his homework himself. A. if it stops
B. should it stop
40. It is raining hard now, __________, we will be able to finish the ball game.
C. unless it stops A. so A. / A. but A. how C. before
A. and
B. so
B. such B. or A. while B. while B. until
41. He did many experiments ________he might find out the result. 42. Jim is __________honest boy that everyone likes him. 43. He is always the first to come ________ the last to leave. 45. Though she is in poor health, _________she works hard. 46. You can stay there __________you keep quiet. A. after
B. when
A. in order that B. in order to
44. There is plenty of rain in the south _________there is little in the north.
47.—What was the party like? —Wonderful. It’s years ___________I enjoyed myself so much.
48. —Would you like to come to dinner tonight? — I’d like to, _________I’m too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but 49. It’s raining, ___________they are still working.
C. however A. that B. for
B. because C. yet B. and, and D. or, but B. after B. and B. for B. for B. if
C. when C. or C. but C. or C. because
D .because D. so D. and D. but D. and D. both…and
D. so…that D. but D. for D. before D. very …but D. as soon as D. but
C. and D. then C. since D. as D. and
A. and, but C. or, and A. until A. but A. so A. and A. so B. so …that
50. The car broke halfway, _________they had to stay in a small room for the night. 52. He got up early, _________he was late this morning.
A. however
B. although
51. She must be in Shanghai, ___________she called me from there last night. A . for
三、语法连词提高练习:
1.—I don't like reading _________watching TV. What about you? —I don't like reading all day, ________I like watching TV plays. 2.You won't know the value(价值) of the health __________you lose it. 3. We bought Granny a present,___________ she didn't like it. 4. Study hard, __________ you will pass the exam. 5. Put on more clothes, ___________you'll catch cold. 6. My shoes are worn out, ___________I need new ones.
7. He ran __________fast_________ he won the race. A. enough …to
C. too…to
8. He is only ten months. He can ______read _______write. A. either…or B. neither…nor 9. She said she might come _______Saturday_______Sunday. A. neither…nor 10. If Tom_________Mike asks for their car, tell him to come tomorrow. 11. It was already ten o'clock ______we got to the museum this morning. 12. It’s a long time _________we met last.
13. That maths problem is ________difficult_________ nobody can do it. 14. I’ll give her the message ___________she comes back. A. While
B. If
A. too…to A. since
B. either…or A. or A. that A. so B. before C. Since
B. and B. when B. after
C. both…and D. so…that C. too…to C. with C. if C. since
B. very…that C. so…that C. until D. When
15.___________the teacher came into the classroom, many students were talking to each other.
48.
16. People often mistake us for each other __________we are twins. 17. Could you tell me ___________in your home town in winter? A. if it often snowed
B. whether does it often snow
A. if B. when C. because D. after
C. if it often snow A. if
B. that
D. whether it often snows C. for
D. when
18. Are you sure __________Mr. Li will come to your birthday party?
19. _________Lily _________Lucy like singing. A. Either…or B. Neither…nor … C. Both…and D. So…that 20. Read the sentences slowly __________we can understand what you read. A. so that B. before C. until D. because 21. —The place isn’t a bit too crowded, is it?—___________ it isn’t too bad. not a bit=not at all /not a little= very much A. No, but
B. Yes, though
C. No, because
B. and B. yet B. nor B. while B. but B. but B. therefore
D. Not only you go but also C. so C. or C. after C. that C. which
D. and D. and D. by D. where D. of which
B. or B. for B. since B. there B. that
A. still A. as well as A. but A. and A. and A. for
C. Both you go and A. if A. but A. before A. until A. what C. at where
B. until B. when
D. Yes, yet C. so C. already C. and C. as well as C. however C. or C. but
D. or D. however D. or D. as well D. still D. after all D. or
22. Five minutes earlier, ________we could have caught the last train. A. but 23. They may go to London, but they are not certain_____________. 24. This word may be used both as a noun ________as a verb. 25. I have read one of his plays __________a lot of his poems. 26. We can’t see air, __________, it does exist.
27. Do what you have been told, ______you will be punished. 28. She wasn’t ill, __________she can come. 30._______________you are dismissed. A. Either you go or
B. Whether you go or
31. It is strange, ______________ it is true.
32. I asked her to stay for tea,______I had something to tell her. 33. It will be hours ____________she comes back. 34. I had no idea about it ____________he told me. 35. Air to us is __________water to fish. A. where
B. at which
29.—I thought he hated TV. —You are right, ________he still watches the program. A. besides B. also C. then D. yet
36. When you read the book, you’d better make a mark ____________you have questions.
D. the place where C. except C. that D. nor D. before
B. in any case B. However B. when B. When
C. because C. As C. as C. Even if
D. for D. Because D. nevertheless D. As
D. because D. how
37. I had no idea where he had been ____________he told me. A. when 38. I don’t doubt _______he can pass the entrance examination. A. whether A. that A. at that time
B. when B. each time
C. because C. sometimes A. in case A. Wherever A. whereas A. While
39. Never believe anything ___________any other person has believed it. Use your own mind. 40. Don’t stop ___________you meet with a word you don’t understand. 41. Take an umbrella ___________it rains.
42. _______the teacher found goodness, he praised it. 43. He must be sixty, ______his wife looks about twenty. 44. —What do you think of the music teacher?
—__________she is an elegant lady, she can be extremely difficult to work with.
45. What an unforgettable experience! I’ll write it down______________ it is still fresh in my memory. A. since A. As A. so that A. If
B. while B. Now that B. as long as B. Since
C. after C. While C. once C. While
D. until D. As though D. if D. Though
46. _________ he was the last man I wanted to see，I did all in my power to help him. 47. We need to think outside of box __________we are to come up with something really new.
48. —I’ve decided to go to Hainan Island for the winter vacation. — _________you go there, I will go with you. 49. Considering that she did her work ___________her manager had instructed, it was improper to criticize her.
49.
A. as A. what
B. until B. so
C. when C. that
D. though D. like
C. after D. since D. because D. Until
50. It was believed by the ancient Egyptians that intellect was to the mind __________sight was to the body. 51. How long do you suppose it is __________he arrived there? A. when B. before A. while A. If
B. if B. Since
C. when C. Unless
52.—It cost me 30 yuan to get here. —Well, it was crazy of you to take a taxi ____________you could come by bus as well. 53.__________you want me to fire you，I suggest you stop wearing sports clothes at office．
54. Maria has to baby-sit．That’s ____________she can’t come out with us． A. how B. why C. when D. what 55. She thought I was talking about her daughter， , in factI was talking about my daughter． A. whom A. once
B. where B. then
C. which C. while
A. for
B. why
D. while D. if
C. that D. because D. whether, that D. that, then D. to be a chance D. they did bring D. us to be difficult D. less
D. it will be convenient
56. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem they themselves couldn’t. 57. My name is Robert， most of my friends call me Bob for short． A. then B. instead C. however D. but 58. Do you know the reason _________he is absent today? A. that, that A. that, when A. there is a chance A. did they bring A. us difficult A. rather
A. you are convenient
B. that, whether B. when, that B. being a chance B. they brought B. it difficult for us B. other
B. you will be convenient
59. I have never doubted ____________he will come today, but I do doubt ____________ he will come on time.
C. whether, whether C. then, that
C. there being a chance C. brought they C. difficult for C. better
C. it is convenient
60.It is only _________people know the importance of science __________science can really serve the people. 61. Have you ever dreamt of _____________ for you to be sent abroad by our school?
62. Not only ______snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when having a picnic. 63. Tom's absence made ____________to get all the work done in a single day.
64. Business letters should be written in a formal style _____________ than in a personal one. 65. Come and see me whenever _____________ .
66. They had a great holiday, _____________the bad weather. A. even though B. because C. despite D. although 67. Setting ___________ my personal feelings, I think you can decide by yourselves. A. by B. back C. off D. aside 68. —Is there anything you want from town? —I wanted to get _____________. Are you going? A. those letters mailed A. brought down
B. mailed letters B. kept back
C. to mail those letters C. cut off
D. those letters mail D. held up C. With
D. Because
69. The boss__________40 dollars from my wages without any good reasons. 70.__________the lights off, we could not go on with the work. A. Until B. As
四、连词和从句练习:
1. I’d get it for you __________(在……条件下) I could remember who last borrowed the book. 2. The robber told him that he had better keep silent __________(除非)he wanted to get into trouble 3. Strange ______ his behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it. 4. We are worried about our son because no one is aware ______ he has gone. A. the place
B. of where
C. about the place
D. where
5. The professor spoke in a loud voice __________________every one of us could hear him. 6. When he just got off the plane, he gave us a good description of _________ in Spain. A. what he had seen
B. that he had seen
C. which he had seen
D. how he had seen
50.
高中英语语法知识词法部分详解——介词及练习
一、概念: 介词(preposition) 又叫做前置词，一般置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，一般不重读, 在句中不单独作任
何句子成分，只表示其后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系。 介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词宾语。可作介词宾语的词语通常有：
eg. ①He lives near our school. ② This will give me some idea of what life is. 1) 名词或名词性从句:
eg. ① I am angry with him. ② She isn’t satisfied with me. 2) 代词:
eg. I have an idea for solving this problem. 3) 动名词或动名词短语:
4) 不定式(只限于介词but和except)
eg.① I can do nothing for them but just sit there and hope.
② I can do nothing for them except to send them money.
5) 数词：
6) 形容词： 7) 副词：
eg. Four from seven leaves three. eg. I know it from old. 我早就知道它。 eg. I can’t stay for long.
【注意】英语介词往往相当于汉语的动词。
eg.① The policeman helped the old woman across the street. 警察帮助老大娘过马路。(“过”=across) ② Are you for it or against it? 你赞成还是反对？(“赞成”= for; “反对”= against)
二、介词的种类:
A. 介词按其构成分为
B. 介词按其词义分为
eg. at; in; of since, before, after等。 1) 简单介词(simple preposition)：
2) 复合介词(compound preposition): eg. as for; as to; into; out of 等。
eg. from under; from behind; until after; except in等。 3) 二重介词(double preposition):
4) 短语介词(phrasal preposition): eg. according to; because of; in spite of; on behalf of等。 5) 分词介词( participle preposition): eg. regarding; concerning; including; providing等。 1) 地点介词: eg. across; among; around; above; after; along; at; before; behind; below等。 2) 时间介词: eg. about; after; around; as at; before; behind; between; by; during; for, from.. 3) 比较介词: eg. as; like; over; above等。 4) 除外介词: eg. besides; but; except等。 5) 反对介词: eg. against; with等。 6) 原因介词: eg. for; with; from等。 7) 结果介词: eg. for; with; without等。 8) 方式介词: eg. by; in; with等。 9) 所属介词: eg. of; with等。
10) 条件介词: eg. on; without; considering等。 11) 让步介词: eg. in spite of; despite等。 12) 目的介词: eg. for; to等。
13) 根据介词: eg. on; according to等。
三、介词短语及其功用: 介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语(Prepositional phrase), 介词短语在句中可用作:
eg. From Beijing to Tianjing is two hours by train. 4) 定语: eg. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 1) 主语:
eg. She looks like an actress. 2) 表语: 5) 补语: eg. They found themselves in a dark wood.
3) 宾语: 6) 状语:
eg. I’ll give you until tomorrow.
eg. Albert has so much work to do so that he is staying late at the office.
四、相关知识点精讲:
1. 表示地点位置介词: 1) at ,in, on, to:
@ at: (1) 表示在小地方; eg. He arrived at the station at ten. (2) 表示 \在……附近,旁边\； eg. He is sitting at the desk.
(3) 表示的位置是某一点；
eg. at the third crossroad/ at 108 Beijing Street/ at the North Pole
1.
(4) 可接集体活动。 eg. at a party/concert/lecture/meeting…at home/ at the corner of the street/at the front of the hall (2) 表示 “在…范围之内”； (3) 表示的位置往往是立体的,有长、宽、高等。
② Jiangsu lies in the east of China. ③ in the desk/in the corner of the room/in a picture/in the wall
(2) 表示的位置往往是一个平面或一条线。
@ in : (1) 表示 在大地方;
eg. ① He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
@ on : (1) 表示毗邻,接壤;
eg. Russia lies on the north of China. /a city on the river/a hotel on this road
@ to : 表示在……范围外(不强调是否接壤)。eg. Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province. 2) above, over, on: 在……上
@ above : (1) 指在…上方,不强调是否垂直,与 below相对;两物体中间有一定的空间距离。
eg. ① The bird is flying above my head. (2) 与刻度连用时，用above。 eg. ① three degrees above zero. (2) 表示“布满”，“盖满”
eg. ①There’s a thick cloud over the north of China. (3) 表示“穿越”, “越过”，用over或across。 eg. ① He walked over/across the bridge. (4) 与数字连用时用over=more than。
②There is a table cloth over the table.
②There is a bridge over/across the river.
eg. over 100 people/over 800 metres above sea level ② There are lights above/over our heads.
② The water came above/over our knees.
eg. ① There is a bridge over the river.
③ Can you see the plane flying over/above the building?
@ over: (1) 指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触.
@ on: 表示某物体上面并与之接触 eg. He put his watch on the desk./ There is a picture on the wall 3) below, under: 在……下面
eg. There is a cat under the table. @ under: (1) 表示在…正下方,有垂直之意。
(2) 接普通数词，under =less than (2) 与刻度连用时，用below。
eg.100 metres below sea level / children under seven years of age / under fifty
eg. Please write your name below the line. eg. ten degrees below zero
A. in A. below B. below ourselves
B. in B. in below
A. on B. below B. in
A. below us
A. under
A. after below
A. above A. on
B. at B. on
C. below C. after under B. over
C. over C. at
C. on C. above D. on D. in under C. through D. in D. across D. to
D. into D. over
@ below: (1) 表示在……下,不一定在正下方 【小测试】1. Mary’s __________the garden.
2. Don’t worry. She’ll finish the work in __________twenty minutes. 3. From the bridge we could see the river________. 4. The weather here is 20 degrees __________zero today. 5. He will be back_______________20 minutes.
7. He finished his work after ___________twenty minutes. 8. He lives______________203 Huanghe Street.
C. under us D. under ourselves
6. When they looked up, they saw a plane _________the tall building.
2. 表示时间介词:
1) in , on, at: 在……时:
@ in : 表示较长时间,如世纪,朝代,时代,年,季节,月及一般(非特指)的早,中,晚等。
eg. in the 20th century / in the 1950s / in 1989 / in summer / in January/ in the morning / in the night (在夜间)/ in one's life/ in one's thirties等。
@ on: 表示具体某一天及其早,中,晚。
eg. on May 1st / on Monday/ on New Year's Day/on a cold night in January / on a fine morning/ on Sunday afternoon等。
@ at: 表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。
eg. at 3:20 / at this time of year /at the beginning of /at the end of … / at the age of … / at Christmas / at night / at noon / at this moment等。
【注意】在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。eg. We meet every day.
2) in, after: 在……之后
@ in + 段时间“表示将来的一段时间以后”: @ after+ 段时间 “表示过去的一段时间以后” : @ after+ 将来点时间 “表示将来的某一时刻以后”:
eg. My mother will come back in three or four days. eg. He arrived after five months.
eg. She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon.
2.
3) from, since 自从……:
eg. He studied the piano from the age of three. @ from: 仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;
eg. They have lived here since 1978. @ since: 表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。
4) after, behind : 在……之后;
eg. We shall leave after lunch. @ after: 主要用于表示时间;
eg. Lucy is hiding behind an old house. @ behind: 主要用于表示位置;
eg. till/until last week/ till/until now/ from morning till night 5) until/till: 直到?为止
eg. by the end of last year 6) by: 在某时间之前；不晚于??时间。
【小测试】1. We often go to the park _______Sunday morning. 2. My aunt has worked in a clinic______________1949. 3. His father will be back from London _______a few days. 5. He decided to visit the factory _________Friday night. 6. He suddenly returned _________a rainy night. 7. The doctor will be free______________. A. 10 minutes later A. After A. until A. by; until
A. for a long time ago A. in
B. after 10 minutes B. In B. after B. until; around B. for nine o’clock B. with
C. in 10 minutes C. From C. by C. till; by C. since two hours C. since
D. 10 minutes after D. Since D. around D. at; on
D. since two hours ago D. for
8. “How long has his bookshop been in business?” “______________1982.”
9. The train leaves at 6:00 p.m. So I have to be at the station _____________5:40 at the latest.
10. “Can I stay ____________the weekend?” “Yes, but you’ll have to leave ____________Monday midday at the latest.” 11. They have been in the store______________.
12. I have been playing chess ____________many years, but I’m hardly an expert.
A. on A. after A. since A. at A. on
B. in B. before B. on B. in B. at
C. at C. till C. in C. on C. on C. in
D. from D. since D. to D. with D. over D. during
4. It happened to be very cold ____________the morning of our sports meet. A. at B. of
3. 表示方式介词:
(1) by: + 接人或方式等。eg. made by him/by this means (2) in: + 接语言/衣物等。eg. in this way eg. (3) with: + 接工具性的名词或其他名词。
(4) on: + 接人体名词和TV等词。 (5) to : + 接乐器或乐曲名词。
eg. by doing this/by car/bus/train/bike/ us/ come in by the door in the(this/that) way/ in a high(low) voice/ in pen /ink / English/the rain eg. with this method eg. with a hammer/ a pen(pencil) eg. lie on one’s back/ to learn English on TV/on the radio eg. to sing to the piano( guitar) /to dance to music
【注意】1. by weight (volume) : 按重/体积 2. by height: 按高度 3. by the pound按英镑 4. by fax /radio / telephone: 靠传真、无线电、电话 5. by the week/ the hour/ the year 按周/ 按小时/ 按年
B. with C. by D. on 【小测试】1. He worked out the problem __________that means. A. in
2. Please answer my question __________a loud enough voice. 3. This is the car ___________he came here.
4. He lay _________his back, his eyes _________upward. A. with; looked A. in; with
B. to; looking B. with; in
C. on; looking C. with; with
A. by
B. through
D. on; looked D. in; in C. on D. with; open C. with
D. for D. with
5. He often wrote _________a pen, but now he is writing _________ pencil. 6. He built a telescope __________which he could study the skies. 7. He often sleeps ___________the window___________. A. by; open
B. when; opened
C. while; opening A. on
B. in
8. How beautiful the girl looks ________her new clothes.
A. by
A. by which
B. at B. by that
C. with C. in which
D. in D. with which
3.
9. He often learns English ___________TV after work. 10. They often dance ______________on Sunday nights. 11. The tall building was destroyed __________a big fire. 12. The young man often writes music___________. 13. The manager keeps in touch with me___________. 14. He was caught __________the heavy rain. (1) besides: 除外??之外(还包括??)。 besides + doing sth.
A. by A. by music A. with A. to dance A. with fax A. by
B. from B. by the music B. in
B. to dance by B. to fax B. on
C. on C. to music C. by C. to dance with C. by fax C. in
D. in
D. to the music D. on D. to dance to D. by the fax D. through
4.表示除外介词: 除外介词有：besides; but; except和apart from。
eg. We need fifteen more people besides your group. eg. What else did you do besides writing a letter? eg. I don’t really want to go. Besides, it’s too late now. eg. She is sitting beside me on the bench.
eg. We work every day except/but Saturday and Sunday. eg. ① Except for the color, I like the car very much. eg. ② Your composition is good except for some spelling mistakes. eg. We know nothing about him except that he is American. eg. He comes to see me every day except when it rains. ② I have nothing else to do except look after the child. eg. I have no other tools besides/except/but these. eg. I’ve finished apart from the last question.
eg. What other sports do you like apart from football? eg. ① I don’t know any French people other than you. ② We’re going away in June but other than that I’ll be here all summer.
A. beside
B. besides
C. accept A. except A. except A. Beside A. except
A. except when
注意: ? besides: adv. 而且； 再说
? beside: prep.在??之旁。
(2) except/ but: 除??之外(不包括)。
except for + sth. : 除去整体的一部分或对部分缺点要修正。
except that + 从句： except when +从句：
except/ but +to do sth. eg. ① She did nothing but (to)cry. (3) besides : 用于否定句= except/ but (4) apart from:
③ We had no other choices but (to) go to the police station for help.
? = except for: 除??之外(不包括)
? = in addition to; as well as除外??之外(还)； 此外； 加之
(5) other than = except: 除…以外
【小测试】1. She said that they had no other choices ___________go to the teacher for help.
D. except
B. but B. expect B. Besides B. besides B but when B. except that
B. besides to ask
2. Does John know any other foreign language ___________French? 3. No one knew Mr. Benson’s address _______his daughter. 4. ____________his wife, no one went to see him. 5. The film is good ___________its ugly color.
6. We know nothing about her ______she lives downstairs. 7. This kind of animals never comes out _________it’s dark. 8. He seldom comes to see me ______________for money.
C. besides C. only C. Except C. beside C. except for
C. expect where C. but to asking
D. beside D. beside D. Except for D. except for D. except that
D. except when D. except to ask
A. except for
A. except asked
5. 表示原因介词:
(1) because of + 名词/代词/ what从句，说明做某事的原因。 意为“因为，由于”，普通用语，比其他短语更口语化；构成的短语在句子中通常作状语，一般不作表语用; 后面可接名词、代词、分词或what引导的名词性从句等。
1 Sampras is likely to miss the US Open because of his back injury. 桑普拉斯因为背部有伤可能缺席美国公开赛。eg.○（置于句后作状语） 2 Because of my bad leg ,I couldn’t walk so fast as the others. ○
由于我的腿坏了，我不能像其他人走得那么快。（置于句首做状语，但用逗号与其他部分分开）
3 Because of his wife’s being there, I said nothing about it. 因为他妻子在场，我对此事只字未提。(接-ing分词短语) ○
4 He realized that she was crying because of what he had said.他意识到她在哭是因为他说的那些话。(接what从句) ○
(2) due to“由于，因…造成”，引导的短语在句中除可作状语（此时不用于句首）外，也可作表语或定语。有些讲英语的人 仅将 due to 用于动词be之后作表语，但目前普遍认为可将due to看作是owing to的同义词。
1 eg. Your failure is due to negligence. ○
2 A part of the energy is wasted in machines due to friction. ○
你的失败是由于疏忽所造成的。
一部分能量由于摩擦而消耗在机器内。
4.
3 That Shelley became a poet may have been due to his mother’s influence. ○雪莱成为诗人可能是由于受母亲的影响。 乔因英语不及格申报那所大学没被录取。
4 Accidents due to driving at high speed were very common that weekend. 在那个周末因高速驾驶造成的交通事故很多。 ○
5 Joe’s application to the University was not accepted due to his failing English. ○
【注意】due to除可表示原因外，还有“应给于，应属于”的意思。
1 The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast. eg. ○
2 It was thanks to his carelessness that we lost the game. ○
3 Thanks to your help, we were successful. ○
4 Thanks to the bad weather,the match had been cancelled. ○
eg. Our grateful thanks are due to you. 向你表示我们衷心的感谢
(3) thanks to “由于或因为某人(某事)”，通常用于好的方面，译为“多亏”，但有时作反语; 引导的介词短语可置于句首或句末。
由于全体演员的出色表演，那出戏才成功。 由于他的疏忽大意我们输掉了这场比赛。 多亏了你的帮助，我们得以成功。
多亏这个倒霉天气，挺好的比赛取消了。(反语)
我们成功了，但一点也不感激你。
由于他自己的努力, 他被破格录取。
【注意】Small thanks to 一点也不感激 eg. We were successful, but small thanks to you. (4) on account of : 因为,由于
1 He was granted special admission on account of his effort. ○
2 On account of his more elevated position, the general had the enemy at vantage. 因为处于较高的位置，那位将军占敌人的上风。 ○
3 The price drop greatly on account of large offerings from other source. 自其他方面的大量报盘，价格已严重下跌。 ○
4 On account of difference in taste, your design do not suit this market. 由于趣味不同。您的款式不合此间市场。 ○
5 The wall declined slightly on account of the earthquake. ○
6 We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather. ○
7 That was on account of lack of exercise.那是由于缺乏锻炼。 ○
2 On this/that account由于这个(那个) 缘故 ◇
墙壁因地震而倾斜。
由于天气不好, 我们将启程的时间推迟了
1 On my/your account 为了我 (你) (的缘故) 【注意】◇
eg. She thinks you’re leaving Aunt Ketty on her account.
她以为你是为了她才打算离开凯蒂阿姨的。
会议因雨而推迟了。
1 On this account, we should be cautious. 因为这个缘故我们应该谨慎。 eg. ○
2 He is angry on that account. 由于那个缘故他生气了。 ○
1 Owing to the rain, the meeting has to be put off. (5) owing to : 因为,由于 eg. ○
2 I couldn’t attend the meeting, owing to illness. ○
3 His death was owing to an accident. 他死于一场事故。 ○
4 Owing to his careless driving, he died. ○
我因病不能出席会议。
5 They decided to pospone the trip, owing to bad weather. ○
由于天气不好他们决定推迟旅行。
= The accident was due to his careless driving. 这次车祸是由于他的驾驶疏忽。 句子其他部分分开。
1 owing to与because of一样引出的介词短语, 也强调因果关系,在句中作状语, 做状语时, 习惯上用逗号和 【注意】◇
2 作状语时修饰整个句子，可在句首或句末,用逗号隔开。owing to 除作状语外，也可作表语,但 because of 不作表语。 ◇
eg. They decided to cancel the flight, owing to the storm. 由于这场暴风雨，他们决定取消这个航班。
3 owe : vt.(债等); 应该向(某人)付出, 把...归功于(to); 认为...是靠...的力量; 由于; 感激; 感恩; 感谢 ◇
1 I owe him ten dollars.我欠他10美元。 2 He owes his success to his hard work. eg. ○○3 I owe you for your help.我感谢你的帮助。 ○ 他认为自己取得成功是辛勤劳动的结果。
4 due to引出造成后果的原因，在句中作表语、状语和定语。作表语和状语时与owing to同义，作状语时，一般不与其他 ◇
成分隔开。
(6) for : for…reason(为了?原因)或用于固定搭配。eg. ① She decided to get a job for several reasons. ② I couldn’t speak for laughing. ⑤ China is famous for its long history.
③ For what reason were you late? ⑥ He was scolded for being late.
④ He is praised for writing a good poem. ⑦ He got an award for bravery.
他吃了些变质的鱼,因此,今天早上感觉到不舒服。
(7) as a result of…“由于…的结果”,可置于句首或句末。
3 As a result of the flood, thousands of people lost their homes. ○
1The river was flooded as a result of the heavy rain. eg. ○
2 He had some bad fish. As a result,he didn’t feel well this morning. =because of ○
因为发大水,成千上万的人失去了家园。 由于疏忽大意可能带来严重的后果。
= result from : 由于…=Thousands of people lost their homes result from the flood.
4 Mistakes due to serious consequences may result from carelessness. ○
5 Accidents resulting from high speed or overspeed were very common that weekend. ○
5.
⑦ Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。
【注意】because “因为” 语气最强,回答why提问时只能用because,其引导的从句可放在句首或句末;as “由
于”, since “既然”语气不如because强,引导的从句常置于句首; for是并列连词,语气最弱,对前面分 句加以解释或补充说明,其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。because与 so不能同时使用. eg.① Now that the kids have left home, we’ve got a lot of extra space. ② Considering (that) he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. ③ Seeing that he’s ill, he’s unlikely to come. 因为他病了，他大概不会来了。 ④ Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已经道了歉, 我也就满意了。
引导让步状语从句的从属连词有:although/though(虽然,尽管),even though/if (即使), while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。
4.
eg.① Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich. ② Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldn't help him.
③ I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。
④ You won’t move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。
⑤ Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。 ⑥ Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁，你都不能从这里通过。 ⑦ Whenever I see him, I speak to him. 每当我见到他，我都和他讲话。
【注意】although/though 引导的从句不能与but连用,但可与yet, still连用.
5.
引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so that和in order that(以便,为了),in case, for fear等。 eg. ① The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly.
③ Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 带上雨伞，以防下雨。
④ She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。 引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that(结果是)和so/such…that…(如此…以至于)等。
eg.① I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早, 所以找个好座位。
② He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音，以便每个人都能听见。
6.
② I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤，以至于全身都是青一块紫一块的。 ③ He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大, 结果玻璃震破了。 ④ It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze.
⑤ It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.
引导比较状语从句的从属连词有: as…as…(与……一样),not as/so… as…(不及,赶不上),和than(比)等。 eg.① She was now happier than she had ever been. 现在她比过去任何时候都快活。 ② I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表，时间比我想象的早。 ③ He doesn’t work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那样努力。
④ I know you better than she does. ⑤ He works as carefully as she. ⑥ I can’t run as/so fast as you.
7.
8.
引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。
eg.① Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢? ② He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. 他将铁棍折弯，仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。 ③ Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。
9.
引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。
eg.① The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。
② I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。
③ Everywhere I go，I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。
10.
引导名词性从句的从属连词有: that和 if/whether(是否)等,它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、
宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅不充当句子成分，而且没有词义，在句子中只起连接作用；而 if, whether 虽不充当句子成分，但有词义，即表示“是否”。
eg.① We know that the earth goes around the sun.(宾语从句)
41.
② I wonder if he has received my e-mail. (宾语从句) ③ Whether he’ll go there hasn't been decided.(主语从句) ④ He replied that he was going by train. 他回答说他将坐火车去。 ⑤ I wonder if it’s large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。
⑥ I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我为是否伤了她的感情而担心。 【注意】whether, if引导从句的用法区别：
(1) 引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用whether,不用if。 eg.① Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known. ② The question is whether we can finish the task on time.
③ The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided. (2) whether可接不定式，而if则不可。
(3) whether可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而if则不可。 eg.① Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 也可以是否定的(此时不能用whether)。
eg. ① Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia?
② I wonder if it doesn't rain.
(5) 引导宾语从句的whether和if常可与or not连用。连用时要注意or not的位置，它一般与 whether、if
分开使用，有时它可与whether合起来使用，但不能与if合起来使用。 eg.① I don’t know whether/ if they will come or not. (6) if可用来引导条件状语从句，译\如果\，whether则不行。
② I don’t know whether or not they will come. eg. If you work hard, you are sure to succeed. ② Whether he will come, I am not sure.
(4) whether和if均可引导宾语从句, whether引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句，if引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的，
eg. I haven’t decided whether to leave or not.
四、某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别:
1. 当while， when， as引导时间状语从句时的区别：
(1) while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while 的这些用法可用 when代替，等于 “at the time that”, “during the time that”。
eg. Please keep quiet while (when)others are studying.
(2) when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于 “at the time”，也就是说when引出的时间状语从句 中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。 eg.①When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.(when不能换成while) ②He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.(when可换成while) (3) as常可与when，while通用，但强调 “一边、一边”。
eg. As (when / while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37.
(4) when引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是 “主语+系动词” 结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。 eg.① When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man. ② She’ll be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary. (5) when有时代替if，引导条件句，意为 “如果”、 “假如”。eg. I’ll come when (if) I’m free.
2. before作连词一般表示时间，意为 “在…之前”，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译：
eg.①He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他几乎把我撞倒才看见我。
②Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。
3. till, until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句, 用于否定句时，结构为not …until (till),
主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为 “直到…才…”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示 “到…为止”。 eg.① They played volleyball until (till) it got dark.
② They didn't talk (延续性动词) until (till) the interpreter(译员) came. ③ He didn't go to bed(非延续性动词)until (till) his father came back. 【注意】until可以放在句首，till则不行:
eg.① Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing.
② Not until he finished his work did he go home.(倒装)
till, until只用于时间, 以下句子是错误的： eg. We walked till the edge of the forest.(要用as far as或to)
4. because, since, as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：
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(1) 如果原因构成句子的最主要部分, 一般用because, 因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。
用why提问的句子，一定用because回答。eg. He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill. (2) 如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或 since。since比as更正式些。 as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。
eg.① As you are tired, you had better rest. ② Since everyone is here, now let's begin.
5. although和though引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别：
(1) although用于各种文体, 而though则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由although, though引导的 从句后，主句不能用but, 但可用副词yet, still。
eg. ① Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working.(或yet they went on working) (2) though常与even连用，even though表示强调，意为 “即使”, 但不能说even although。 eg. Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.
(3) though可用作副词，意为\然而\，常用逗号与句子分开。although则不能这样使用，它只作连词。 eg. It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.
6. once作副词译 “曾经”, 作为连词译 “一旦”, 引导条件状语从句。相当于if的加强形式。
eg.① I don’t believe he was once a thief. (once这里是副词)
② Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students. (once连词)
7. unless引导条件状语从句等于if … not …。
eg. He’ll accept the job unless the salary is too low. (= He’ll accept the job if the salary is not too low.)
8. 在用as if引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据情况要使用虚拟语气。
eg. He talks as if he knew all about it. 但有时也可用陈述语气。eg. It looks as if it is going to rain.
9. as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。
(1) as引导时间状语从句，意为“当…时”。
eg.① As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster. ② He sang as he worked. (2) as引导方式状语从句，意为 “像…一样”。 (3) as引导原因状语从句。意为 “由于”。
(4) as引导让步状语从句。意为 “虽然”、 “尽管”。
eg. Child as he is, he can do it well. (= Although he is a child, he can do it well.) (5) as作为关系代词还可以引导定语从句。 eg. I have the same book as you.
eg. We must do as the Party teaches us. eg. As you are tired, you had better rest.
As作连词的用法深度剖析:
1. as... as意为\和……一样\，表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词。其基本结
构为：as+ adj./ adv. +as。其否定式为not as/so +adj./ adv. +as。
eg.① This film is as interesting as that one.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。 ② Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。 ③ This dictionary is not as/so useful as you think.这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。 若有修饰成分，如twice, three times, half, a quarter等，则须置于第一个as之前。 eg. Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.你的袋子比我的贵一倍。
几个关于as...as的常见句型：
(1) as...as possible
?
eg. Please answer my question as soon as possible.请尽快回答我的问题。
(2) as...as usual/before (3) as long as... (4) as far as (5) as well as
eg. She looks as pretty as before.她看起来和以前一样漂亮。
(引导条件状语从句) eg. It took us as long as three years to carry out the plan. 我们花了长达三年的时间才完成这项计划。
eg. He walked as far as the railway station yesterday evening.昨天傍晚，他一直散步到火车站。 eg. She cooks as well as her mother does.她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。
(1) as busy as a bee像蜜蜂一样忙碌 (3) as deep as a well像井一样深
?
一些带有as...as结构的常见短语归纳： (2) as easy as ABC像ABC一样容易
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(4) as light as a feather像羽毛一样轻 (5) as soft as butter像黄油一样软 (6) as rich as a Jew像犹太人一样富裕
2. as用作连词引导时间状语从句:
as与when，while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是\当……的时候\。但它们有区别: 用when时， 从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生;用while时，从句的动作为一过程， 主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生;用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。 eg.① It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.他到达工地时，天正在下雪。 ② He was watching TV while his mother was cooking.他母亲做饭时他在看电视。 ③ You will grow wiser as you grow older.你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。
3. as用作连词引导原因状语从句:
as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是 “因为, 由于”，但它们有区别： because表示的语气最强; as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化; since常常用在书面语中，表示多为对 方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作 “ 既然” eg.① He will succeed because he is in earnest. ② Since you are so sure of it, he’ll believe you. ③ As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.
他一定会成功，因为他很认真。
既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。 因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。
4. as作连词引导让步状语从句:
as与although (或though)，however (或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是 “虽然 “尽管”，但它们有区别：although语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用 but，但 用yet; as所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序;however引导让步状语从句时，它的后面 可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。
eg.①Although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。 ②Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident. 这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。 ③However hard he may try, he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。
五、并列连词与并列结构:
1. 并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。
1) and 与or：
【判断】 ① They sat down and talk about something. (X)
【正误】 ③ I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. (X) 【注意】and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)
② They started to dance and sang. (X)
eg.① Make up your mind, and you’ll get the chance. = If you make up your mind, you’ll get the chance. ② One more effort, and you’ll succeed. = If you make one more effort, you’ll succeed. 2) both…and 两者都: eg. She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
3) not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且。eg. She plays not only the piano, but (also)the guitar.
【注意】not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not (放于句首)，而必须倒装。
eg. Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4) neither…nor 意思为\既不……也不……\谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。 eg. Neither you nor he is to blame.
2. 比较and和or :
1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： eg.①There is no air or water on the moon. ②There is no air and no water on the moon. 在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
【典型例题】eg.—I don’t like chicken ______fish. —I don’t like chicken, ______I like fish very much.
A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or; and
【判断并改错】We will die without air and water. ( ) We can’t live without air or water. ( ) 3) 表示选择的并列结构:
44.
(i) or意思为\否则\。翻译：我要努力学习，否则考试要不及格了。
(ii) either…or 意思为\或者……或者……\。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。eg. Either you or I am right. 不是你对，就是我对。
3. 表示转折或对比:
1) but表示转折，while表示对比。eg. Some people love cats, __________others hate them.有些人喜欢猫，而有些人不喜欢。 典型例题: —Would you like to come to dinner tonight? —I’d like to, _______I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but 答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
2) not…but…意思为\不是…而是…\，后面的用词要遵循一致原则。eg. They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
4. 表原因关系:
1) for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。
【判断改错】(错) For he is ill, he is absent today. (对) He is absent today, for he is ill. 2) so为连词, therefore一般为副词。
eg.① He hurt his leg, so he couldn’t play in the game. 他的腿受伤了,不能上场 ② I think; therefore I exist. 我思故我在。
一、语法连词基础练习:
1. He is very old, ________he still works very hard.
A. but
B .if B. now B. owing to B. but they B. Since that B. for B. as
C. when C. so C. due to C. and they C. Now that C. because C. if C. as well as
D. whom D. then
B. as
C. as if
C. When she went A. Until A. after A. so C. or A. or A. so
B. and B. as
A. however C. not; but
A. before A. Till A. before
B. after B. Until B. as A. Until A. as
B. or B. Since B. before A. But B. until
D. Since she went C. While C. since B. Although C. and D. and but C. so C. like
C. so
D. yet D. that D. otherwise D. During D. when C. Even if D. If D. when D. like that
D. as D. since D. that D. so they D. By now D. so that D. until D. as best as
2. ________you are dismissed. A. Neither you go nor B. Either you go or C. Whether you go or D. Both you go and 3. They had camped once before, _______they knew what to take. A. because 4. Why these things happened was ___________the driver had been careless. 5. Although it’s raining, ________are still working in the fields.
A. because of A. they
6._________we have satisfied you, you have no grounds for complaint. A. So 7. Write clearly ________your teacher can understand you correctly. A. since 8. You’ll miss the train _________you hurry up.
9. Francis did the task________ his brother. A. as good as A. as A. yet
B. what B. besides
A. unless
B. as better as C. that C. also A. that
10. The size of the audience, _________we had expected, was well over twenty thousand. 11. I thought he hated the TV .You are right, _________he still watches the program. 12. It looks ___________ it’s going to rain.
13.__________to New York, her father has not heard from her. A. Because she went
B. After she went
14.______he daydreamed, Peter saw figures in the sky. 15. We arrived at the station ______the train had left. 17. Give me one more minute _________ I’ll have finished. A. and
B. yet
16._____he was in poor health, he worked just as hard as everyone else.
18. The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, _______ he could not find any work. 19. Hurry up, _________ you'll be late.
20. Do not make the same mistake ___________I did. 21. My sister is expecting me, _____________I must be off now. A. either; or
B. neither; nor
22. We should pay attention ________to industry __________ to agriculture.
D. both; and
C. since C. After C. since B. Since C. After B. than C. like
D. when D. Since D. when D. Unless D. white
23. He ran off__________ I could stop him.
24.________you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 25. Where have you been ________you left home?
26.______the problem of method is solved, talking about the task is useless. 27. We have produced 15% more cotton this year ________we did last year.
45.
30. _________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. A. With A. in case of A. At last A. No doubt A. in all
B. Besides B. instead of B. In fact B. Above all B. above all
C. As for C. for fear of C. In a word C. No wonder C. after all
31. He got to the station early, ___________missing his train.
(2004北京—33)
D. Because of
(2004江苏—24)
D. in search of
D. As a result (2004浙江—21)
(2004浙江 —28)
D. Of course
(2004福建—26)
D. at all
C. from D. of (2004福建—30) C. up D. over (2004湖南—32) D. with D. to
32. The winter of 1990 was extremely bad. __________, most people say it was the worst winter of their lives. 33. —Brad was Jane’s brother! —____________he reminded me so much of Jane!
34. I’d like to buy a house——modern, comfortable, and __________in a quiet neighborhood. 35. It was a pity that the great writer died ________his works unfinished. A. for B. with 36. You can’t wear a blue jacket ______ that shirt. It’ll look terrible. A. on B. above A. for A. at
B. by B. on
C. as C. in A. for A. later A. of C. with C. in a moment
B. by B. after B. in
37. I feel that one of my main duties ________a teacher is to help the students to become better learners. (2004广东—22) 38. The accident is reported to have occurred _________ the first Sunday in February. (2004上海—25) 39. No one helped me, I did it all _________myself. 40. My parents will move back into town in a year or_______. 41. We hadn’t planned to meet. We met __________chance. A. on
A. for the moment
B. for
B. on the moment
C. from C. so C. for
D. at
(2005福建—30)
D. for a moment
D. to (2005全国I—22) D. about (2005全国I—29) D. by (2005全国III—10)
(2005上海—25)
42. John became a football coach in Sealion Middle School ________the beginning of March. 43. The classroom is big enough_________, but we’ll have to move if we have more students.
44. To understand the grammar of the sentence, you must break it _______ into parts. A. down B. up C. off D. out (2005湖北—24) 45. He suddenly saw Sue _________the room. He pushed his way ________the crowd of people to get to her. (2005湖南—25) A. across; across A. as a result
A. Having given up hope of cure
B. over; through B. after all
B. With no hope for cure
C. over; into C. any way
C. There being hope for cure
D. across; through D. otherwise
D. In the hope of cure(2005 江西—29)
46. My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever; _________, he could neither eat nor sleep. (2005江西—26) 47. __________and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor’s help to end her life. 48. The Internet has brought ______big changes in the way we work. (2005 北京春) A. about B. out C. back D. up 49.—You know, Bob is a little slow ______ understanding, so… —So I have to be patient ________ him. (2005 重庆—30) A. in; with A. in other words A. In terms of A. for A. during A. in A. in nature
B. on; with
B. on the other hand B. In case of B. behind B. at B. at B. in return
C. in; to C. for one thing C. As a result of C. against C. beyond C. of C. in turn
D. at; for
D. as a matter of fact D. In face of (2006安徽—26) D. beyond (2006福建—23) D. before (2006辽宁—28) D. about D. in fact
50. I would like a job which pays more, but _________I enjoy the work I’m doing at the moment. (2006浙江—11) 51. _____________achievement, last week’s ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low, though not failing, grade. (2006湖南—27) 52. It’s quite __________me why such things have been allowed to happen.
53. Sorry, Madam. You’d better come tomorrow because it’s__________ the visiting hours. 54. People have always been curious _______how living things on the earth exactly began.
55. A clean environment can help the city bid for the Olympics, which ____________will promote its economic development. (2006山东—35)
31.
56. This new model of car is so expensive that it is ________the reach of those with average incomes. (2006江苏—24 ) A. over A. beyond A. of A. on
B. within B. within B. for B. in
C. beyond C. of C. after C. with
D. below (2006四川—29) D. to
D. with (2006江西—23) D. at
D. Within (2006湖南—25) B. for C. from
C. about
D. with
D. to(2007北京—21)
57. —Can he take charge of the computer company? —I’m afraid it’s ________his ability.
58. After the earthquake, the injured were cared __________in the local hospitals or taken by air to the hospitals in the neighboring cities. 59. Fred, who had expected how it would go with his daughter, had a great worry _________his mind. (2006湖南—25) 60. —When do we need to pay the balance? —_________September 30. A. In B. By C. During 61. The manager suggested an earlier date __________the meeting. (2007全国I—23) A. on 62. This is a junior school. You should go to a senior school ______ girls of your age. A. for B. about 63. _________fire, all exits must be kept clear. A. in short A. In A. in case of A. of; at A. at a time A. against A. between A. in a way A. on
A. in exchange for A. to A. with A. for A. in favour of A. in need A. of; to
B. in case B. For B. in spite of B. by; in B. at one time B. on B. among B. on the way B. from B. with regard to B. for B. over B. by
B. in honour of B. in time B. about; with
A. In place of B. Instead of
C. in doubt C. Under C. instead of C. of; on C. for some time C. for C. over C. by the way C. by
C. by means of C. as C. at C. across C. in face of C. in preparation C. from; with
C. In case of D. In spite of (2007天津—3)
D. in turn D. Between (2007浙江—19) D. because of D. on; at (2007江西—33) D. for the time (2007福建—32) D. in
(2007四川—25) D. during (2007陕西—13) D. in the way (2007上海—25) D. in
(2007山东—28) D. in place of (2008全国I—24) D. by
(2008全国II—15) D. about (2008北京—33) D. out
(2008天津—10) D. in need of D. in store
D. from; on (2008湖南—27) (2008江西—22)
64. People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, and this ____________creates further problems. (2007湖北—26) 65. ____________the silence of the pause, we could hear each other’s breathing and could almost hear our won heartbeats. (2007湖南—22) 66. The open-air celebration has been put off __________the bad weather.
67. Scientists are convinced _________the positive effect of laughter _________physical and mental health. (2007江西—23) 68. Experts have been warning ___________of the health risks caused by passive smoking. 69. Although ________my opinion, the old professor didn’t come up with his own. 70. Some students often listen to music _______classes to refresh themselves. 71. —I think he is taking an active part in social work. —I agree with you___________. 72. Leaves are found on all kinds of trees, but they differ greatly _________size and shape. 73. I have offered to paint the house ___________a week’s accommodation.
74. Let’s learn to use the problem we are facing _______a stepping-stone to future success. 75. Modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things I like ________working here. 76. If you really have to leave during the meeting, you’d better leave ______the back door. 77. Many Chinese universities provide scholarship for students ____________financial aid.
78. When she first arrived in China, she wondered what the future might have ____________for her (2008湖北—30)
79. —When did you last hear _________Jay? —He phoned me this morning, and we agreed ________a time and place to meet. 80. My English teacher’s humor was _________make every student burst into laughter.
32.
A. so as to A. away
B. such as to B. up
C. such that C. in
D. so that (2008江西—29) D. back
D. of (2008辽宁33) D. by (2008福建—23) (2008安徽—23) D. to
(2008陕西—19) D. upon (2008山东—32) D. at sight
D. beyond description (2008福建—34) D. while D. out of place D. to
D. in case of (2008浙江—17) D. after all (2008浙江—19) (2009全国II—13) D. in need of
C. of D. in (2009全国I—34) D. from (2009天津—10) D. regardless of (2009湖北—29) D. in the direction of D. in vain (2009湖北—30) D. in; on (2009湖南—22) (2009江西—26) D. in which
D. about (2009福建—23)
A. on A. of
B. by B. for
C. in C. in
D. for D. at
81. If a person has not had enough sleep, his actions will give him _______during the day. 82. I like Mr. Miner’s speech; it was clear and ________the point. A. at B. on C. to 83. A great man shows his greatness_________the way he treats little men. A. under B. with C. on 84. Fred entered without knocking and very out of breath, sank __________a chair. A. on A. at A. at home A. beyond reach A. for A. out of sight A. with
B. off B. beyond B. at heart B. beyond repair B. when B. out of reach B. on
C. into C. within C. at will C. beyond control C. with C. out of order C. in
85. Elizabeth has already achieved success __________her wildest dreams. 86. I began to feel ___________in the new school when I saw some familiar faces.
87. —Why do you suggest we buy a new machine? —Because the old one has been damaged_______.(2008,江苏—28) 88. You have no idea how she finished the relay race __________her foot wounded so much.
89. At the railway station, the mother waved goodbye to her daughter until the train was___________. (2008天津—15) 90. The two sports men congratulated to each other _________winning the match by shaking hands. (2008上海—25) 91. Everything was perfect for the picnic _________the weather. A. in place of B. as well as C. except for 92. Why are you so anxious? It isn’t your problem____________. A. on purpose B. in all C. on time 93. Jenny nearly missed the flight _________doing too much shopping. A. as a result of
B. on top of
C. in front of
94. Everyone was touched __________words after they heard her moving story. A. beyond B. without A. by A. far from A. in search of A. in place A. to; by A. in it A. of
B. of B. along with B. in the form of B. in sight B. by; to B. in B. for
C. with C. next to C. in need of C. in effect C. for ; to C. in that C. by
95. The wine industry in the area has developed in a special way, ____________little foreign ownership. (2009北京—29) 96. The art show was_________ being a failure; it was a great success.
97. You’d sound a lot more polite if you make a request ____________a question.
98. His efforts to raise money for his program were _____________because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets. 99. Most Americans would prefer to keep their problems ___________ themselves, and solve their problems __________themselves. 100. The house I grew up ________has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
101. —How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space! —It’s a challenge, I guess, ____________man against nature. 102. Try on this red skirt; you will look great __________it. (2009重庆—21) 103. Children need friends _________their own age to play with. (2009辽宁—32) A. Generally speaking A. below
B. On the contrary B. above
C. In particular C. in
104. _________, the pay isn’t attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting. 105. A great person is always putting others’ interests ___________his own.
(2009浙江—18) D. To be honest (2009四川—6) D. on
106. This special school accepts all disabled students, ____________educational level and background. (2009江苏—30)
33.
A. according to A. near
B. regardless of B. upon
C. in addition to C. within
D. in terms of (2009山东—33) D. around
C. in D. by (2009陕西—8) D. beside (2009上海—25) D. to D. against (2010湖北—30) D. in exchange for (2010江西—29) D. in return (2010福建—27) D. for fear of (2010辽宁—31) D. to
107. It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot ___________easy reach. 108. He invited me to a dance after the show _________Christmas Eve. A. at B. on A. among A. in A. by
A. in preference to A. in all A. in search of A. by
B. between B. at B. on B. in place of B. in fact B. in place of B. in
C. along C. for C. for
C. in agreement with C. in short C. for lack of C. on
109. Four Chinese models were __________the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the world Supermodel Competition. 120. Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____________everyone’s enjoyment. (2010北京—29) 121. My father warned me _____________going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. (2010天津—13) 122. It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money ________favors to them. 123. We give dogs time, space and love we can spare, and __________dogs give us their all. 124. More and more high-rise buildings have been built in big cities __________space. 125. I agree to this suggestion ___________the condition that he drops all charges.
126. Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back ___________a big tree. A. in B. below C. beside D. against (2010四川—5) 127. So far we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is___________ ideal. We have to work still harder. A. next to A. by A. by nature A. between
B. far from B. for B. in return B. along
C. out of C. in C. in case C. below
D. due to (2010江苏— 29) (2010重庆—22) D. with (2010浙江—7) D. by chance
(2010上海—25)
(2011全国I—14) (2011北京—35)
D. in
D. above (2011天津—11) (2011重庆—24) D. from
C. by D. of (2011浙江—5) (2011安徽—25) D. after D. on
(2011江苏—32) D. on time (2011福建—22) D. Regardless of
D. in praise of (2011湖北—30) (2011山东—30) D. with D. at
128. The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money _____________me. 129. I guess we’ve already talked about this before, but I’ll ask you again just_________.
130. Sean has formed the habit of jogging _____________the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day. 131. This shop will be closed for repairs ________further notice. A. with B. until C. for 132. With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken _________color. A. by
B. for
C. with
133. He was a good student and scored __________average in most subjects. A. below B. of C. on 134. Shirley, a real book lover, often brings home many books to read __________the library. A. in
B. for
C. by
135. I always wanted to do the job which I’d been trained ___________. A. on B. for 136. Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek __________food safety problems. A. in A. in A. in detail A. Far from A. in terms of
B. to B. for B. in general B. Apart from B. in need of
C. on C. of C. on purpose C. Instead of C. in favor of
137. Nick, it’s good for you to read some books _________China before you start your trip there. (2011四川—8) 138. We’d better discuss everything ________before we work out the plan.
139. ________good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.
140. When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside __________younger men. 141. I’m sorry I didn’t phone you, but I’ve been very busy ________the past couple of weeks.
34.
A. beyond A. through
B. with B. up
C. among C. with
A. for A. at
D. over (2011上海—25) D. from B. at B. on D. for
(2012安徽卷—25.) D. for
D. with (2012陕西卷—11.) D. out D. With
(2012江苏卷—29.) D. in vain
(2012福建卷—26.) D. for the benefit of
D. out of place (2012湖北卷—25.)
D. By D. against
(2013全国新课标卷II—11.) D. without (2013北京卷—26.) D. from
(2013陕西卷—24.) D. in time
(2013辽宁卷—25.) D. For fear of
D. on occasion (偶尔) (2013湖北卷—30.) D. to
(2013安徽卷—22.)
D. for (2013 山东卷—34.)
(2013福建卷—29.) (2013浙江卷—14.)
C. on C. to
D. of D. across
142. Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years. 143. 100℃ is the temperature _________which water will boil. (2012全国大纲卷—16.) 144. Do you think this shirt is too tight ________the shoulders? (2012北京卷—34) A. of A. of A. against A. to A. From A. in time A. in charge of A. out of question A. For A. over A. against A. to
A. in particular A. By means of A. at random (随机地) A. on
B. to B. on B. for B. for B. Of B. in case
B. for the purpose of B. out of order B. Without B. by B. before B. off B. in turn B. On behalf of B. by chance (碰巧) B. at
C. by C. to C. to C. off C. For C. in need C. in honor of C. out of sight C. Beneath C. for C. beyond C. with C. in charge C. In search of C. in turn (依次, 轮流) C. for
145. Nothing is so easy as _________parents to raise their expectations of their children too high. (2012福建卷—33) 146. You can change your job, you can move house, but friendship is meant to ________life.
147. An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are __________it.
148. The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place ___________the main road at the far end of the lake. (2012辽宁卷—27.) 149. _________all the animals I’ve ever had, these two dogs are the most sensitive to the spoken word. (2012浙江卷—6.) 150. —Thank God you’re safe! —I stepped back, just _________to avoid the racing car. 151. China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals ________all its citizens.
152. The furniture, with its modern style and bright colors, suits modern houses and their gardens, but looks ________in the garden of a traditional home. 153.___________passion, people won't have the motivation or the joy necessary for creative thinking. (2012上海卷—25.) 154. It was a real race_________time to get the project done, Luckily, we made it. (2013全国新课标卷I—34.) 155. A serious study of physics is impossible __________some knowledge of mathematics. 156. I have an appointment ___________Dr. Smith, but I need to change it.
157. The manager wants to see changes in the company, and I am sure he will ___________. 158. ___________everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.
159. An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered _________a long lost antique Greek vase. 160. Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library ___________a book about it. 161. The Smiths are praised ___________the way they bring up their children. A. from B. by C. at A. in the way A. As a result A. On account of
B. on watch
B. On the whole B. In response to (回应)
C. in sight
C. In the meanwhile C. In view of (由于，鉴于)
162. Mrs Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess, as her children are always _____________whenever she tries to.
D. on the line
D. as a matter of fact
163. It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner. _____________, I’ll set the table.
164. I am always delighted when I receive an e-mail from you. __________the party on July 1st, I shall be pleased to attend. 165. — I’m looking for a nearby place for my holiday. Any good ideas? (2013上海卷—25.)
A. by
B. beyond
D. With regard to (关于, 就…而言) (2013江苏卷—26.)
35.
—How about the Moon Lake? It is ________ easy reach of the city.
166. Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves__________ half an hour. A. by B. in C. for 167. __________the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support. A. In reply to
B. In addition to
C. In charge of
168. She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went _________the road. A. on B. along C. from A. In other words A. without A. by A. due to A. in demand A. less than A. in place A. in return A. from A. Above all
B. All in all B. despite B. of B. except for B. in store B. rather than B. in order B. in common B. over B. As a result
C. As a result C. in C. in C. along with C. on loan C. as well as C. in shape C. in turn C. with C. In addition
C. /; a
C. within D. from
D. until (2014北京卷—23.)
(2014天津卷—6.)
D. In place of
D. off (2014重庆卷—7.)
(2014江西卷—25.) (2014江西卷—33.)
(2014陕西卷—14.)
(2014福建卷—22.)
D. out of pity
D. an; /
(2014湖北卷—30.) (2014安徽卷—31.)
(2014江苏卷—24.)
(2014浙江卷—10.) (2014浙江卷—17.) (2014浙江卷—18.)
169. Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence. __________, it could just put you in debt.
D. On the other hand D. to D. with D. regardless of D. on sale
D. as much as D. in fashion D. in place D. for
D. As a matter of fact
170. It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life _________his great wealth.
171. The Scottish girl____________blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest. 172. Our club is open to everyone___________age, sex or educational background.
173. Check carrots, potatoes, onions and any other vegetables ___________and immediately use or throw away any which show signs of rotting. 174. What we expect from you is working hard ___________hardly working.
175. Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay____________.
176. While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything __________. 177. People won't pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying ____________expression. 178. There's no reason to be disappointed. __________, this could be rather amusing. 2012—2013学年度上学期高三五校联合考试: A. the; an
B. an; an
1. To me, cycling at ________ altitude of more than 4,000 meters was ________ unforgettable experience.
2. —Jack, you erase the blackboard today, ____________? —But I did it yesterday. A. will you B. do you C. would you D. don’t you 3. What worried the mother most was __________ the Internet after class in this school. A. her son’s not forbidding surfing B. her son’s not being forbidden to surf A. You are friendly to tell me A. blame
C. her son’s being not forbidden to surf D. her son’s having not forbidden surfing
C. I’m glad to see that C. notice C. put up C. when C. furthermore
D. It’s nice to hear from you D. share D. brought up D. that D. otherwise
D. was going to be ordered
4. —How good the news is for you! —____________.
B. It’s kind of you to say so B. charge B. made up
5. In the 21st century, all nations must take their ___________of responsibility for the global safety. 6. The two friends had a quarrel about money, but shortly afterwards they shook hands and __________. A. took up A. which A. besides
7. Perhaps Taobao is Asia’s largest and most popular retail（零售的）network platform , ________ people can buy and sell a great variety of things.
B. where B. therefore B. will be ordered B. out of place
8. Do you dress differently because of what you see in advertisements or buy things you might not ___________buy？ 9. —The dinner was delicious! —I agree. I am so full. —That’s too bad. But some dessert ________. A. has ordered A. out of practice
C. has been ordered C. out of order
10. His behavior at the party last night seemed rather_________. Many of us were quite surprised.
36.
高中英语语法词法知识详解——连词及练习
一、概念: 连词(conjunction.)是用来连接单词,短语,从句或句子的词。连词是虚词，所以不做成分。 二、连词的分类：
1. 连词按其构成分为：
2. 连词按其性质分为
1) 简单连词 2) 关联连词 3) 分词连词 4) 短语连词 1) 并列连词 2) 从属连词
如: and, or, but, if, because, ect. 如:both…and, not only…but also ect. 如: supposing, considering, provided ect. 如:as if, as long as, in order that ect.
如: and, or, but, for ect. 用来连接并列的单词、短语、从句或分句。 如: that, whether, when, although, because ect. 用来连接名词性从句或状语从句。
三、连词的用法：
A. 并列连词: 表示并列关系的连词有: and, both…and…, not only… but also…,neither…nor…和as well as等。
1.) and: 和,并且
(1) 基本用法: “and” 表示 “和”, “并且”的意思,用来连接对等关系的字和字,片语和片语,句子和句子。
eg.① I enjoy basketball , football and table tennis. ③ He didn’t go and she didn’t go, either.
② The weather becomes colder and colder. 他没去，她也没去。
(2) 特别用法: 祁使句后连接and,有条件句作用, 此时and=if you…, you’ll…
eg. Go straight on, and you’ll see the library.=If you go straight on, you will see the library.
2.) both…and… : 既…也…,(两者)都…
(1) Both A and B + 谓语 (构成的词组作主语时,谓语动词用复数)。 eg.① Both Jim and Kate are from England.
③ A man should have both courage and perseverance. ④ Both New York and London have traffic problems.
② He both speaks and writes Spanish. 一个人即应有勇气也要有毅力。 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。
(2) both…and…否定句表示部分否定。
eg.① You can’t speak both German and English.
② Both my father and my mother aren’t doctors.
3.) neither…nor… :既不…也不…
** Neither A nor B + 谓语( 与B相一致, 即连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词即采取就近原则。) eg. ① Neither I nor he has seen the play before. ③ She could neither speak the language nor write it.
⑤ The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold.
② She couldn’t speak the language, nor could she write it.
④ He moved steadily, looking neither left nor right. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。
4.) not only…but also… :不但…而且…
** Not only A but also B + 谓语 ( 与B 相一致, 即连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。) eg. ① Not only the mother but also the children are ill.
② It was not only unkind but also untrue.
A as well as B + 谓语( 与A 相一致) +…. 。
【注意】as good as eg.This is as goos a place as any to spend the night. 这对你和对我都很重要。 (1) 与……一样好/优质的 5.) as well as: 也; 还有
(1) 基本用法: 常可连接两个并列的成分。 eg. ① Lily as well as Betty was in the room. ② It is important for you as well as for me.
(2) 特殊用法: as well as + 动名词, 有时可译为“(不仅)而且”, “除了……还”。 eg.① Smoking is dangerous, as well as making you smell bad. ② As well as breaking his leg, he broke his arm.
③ She sings as well as playing the piano.
B. 表示转折关系的连词有:but, however, yet, still, while等。 (2) as good as =very nearly与……几乎一样； 几乎; 简直是 例如: 这事实际上可以说解决了。 1.) but : conj. 而; 相反; 然而; 除??外；只有
(1) 基本用法: 连接两个并列成分、并列分句。 eg.① Not you but I am to blame.
eg. This matter is as good as settled. ② They see the trees but not the forest.
37.
③ Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming. ⑤ Someone borrowed my pen, but I don’t remember who.
④ She pretended to be angry, but she was not. 有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。
② She knows no one but you. ③No one but me saw her. ⑤ You have nobody but yourself to blame.
(2) 特殊用法: 用在某些否定词之后, 表示 “ 只??”。 eg. ① He eats nothing but hamburgers. ④ I had no choice but to sign the contract.
2.) however : adv. (连接副词)
eg.① He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however. (1) 但是; 不过
(2) 不管??怎样(如何)
② Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement. eg. ① They will never succeed, however much they try. ② However cold it is, she always goes swimming. ③ He wanted to take no risk, however small.
④ However carefully I explained, she still didn’t understand.
(疑问副词)怎样
(3) however: adv.
⑤ He knew what he wanted; however he didn’t know how to get it.
eg. However did you know that? / However did you find it?
3.) yet: conj. 但是; 却; 尽管; 然而 (1) 基本用法: 连接词、短语、并列句等。 eg.① It is strange yet true.
③ I have failed, yet I shall try again.
⑤ He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us.
② They are the same, yet not the same.
④ Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。
② He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money. eg. Although it was dark, yet he still went on his trip on foot.
② I haven’t enough time yet.
②“Has he come yet?” “No, not yet.”
③ We may win yet.
④ She could yet surprise us all.
(2) 特殊用法: (i) and yet : 然而; 可是 eg. ① He’s pleasant enough, and yet I don’t like him. (ii) yet 可与although/though 连用 yet : adv.
(1) 还 (多用于否定句) (2) 已经 (疑问句) eg.① He may come yet.
eg. ① The moon had not yet risen. eg. ① Did you eat yet? ② The plan may yet succeed.
(3) 早晚;总有一天(与could; might; may ect.连用, 表示将来还可能发生某事)
4.) still : adv.仍然; 仍旧;还 (连接副词)
eg. ① He was very tired, still he kept on walking. eg. ① Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy.
② He tried hard to look for it, still he couldn’t find it. ② I like tea while she likes coffee.
5.) while : conj. 然而; 而 (对比两件事物,意思接近whereas)
③ Some people waste food while others haven’t enough.
C. 表示选择关系的并列连词有:or, either…or…,whether… or…等。 1.) or: 或,否则
(1) 基本用法: or 表示 \或\的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。 (a) 连接两个名词: eg. ① Would you like coffee or tea? ③—Is your friend English or American? —American. (b) 连接两个形容词或数词: eg. ① Is it green or blue? (c) 连接两个动词: (d) 连接两个副词: (e) 连接两个介词短语: (f) 连接两个分句: (g) 连接更多:
② There’s one or two things I’d like to know about.
eg. She may do some work in the fields or help in the house.
eg.①Are you coming today or tomorrow? ② It’s now or never. 要么现在干,要么永远别干。 eg. Are you going to water the garden before or after supper? eg. Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first? eg. The sea can be blue or green or grey.
②He doesn't like dumplings or noodles.
(2) 特别用法: 祈使句后连接or, 表 “如果…,否则…”, 有转折的意思, 此时 or =if you don’t … , you’ll …。
38.
eg.① Hurry up, or you'll be late.=If you don't hurry up, you'll be late. (3) or else: 否则
eg. ① Hurry up or else you’ll be late.
② He had to have a job or go hungry. ② Be quick, or else it’ll be too late.
2.) either…or…: 或者…或者… ; 不是…就是… ; 要么…要么…
Either A. or B. + 谓语 (连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词跟 B. \人称\和 \数\的一致,即就近原则。) eg. ① Either you or I am right.
③ People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 【注意】由either…or…引导的否定句是完全否定。
② Does either she or they like English? 年龄不到或者超龄的人。
eg. She isn’t either a student or a teacher.
② Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same.
② He could not decide whether or no to return home.
3.) whether…or…:不管?还是?
eg.①She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school. ③He seemed undecided whether to go or to stay. ** whether or not/no: 是否
eg. ① Can you tell me whether or not the train has left?
D.表示因果关系的并列连词有:for(因为),so(所以)。
1.) for: conj. 因为;由于 (一般用逗号把它和前面分句隔开,它是对前面情况的解释。) eg.① He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold. ② He shook his head, for he thought differently.
③ He decided to leave at dawn, for he had many miles to cover.
④ You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors.
你们一定要克服粗枝大叶，因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。 注意：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。
2.) so: conj. 因此; 所以
eg.① It was late, so I went home.
② It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.
③ The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很厉害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生。
E. 从属连词:从属连词是用来连接名词性从句或状语从句的连词。
引导时间状语从句的从属连词有: before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as等。
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eg.① After they had planted their crops, they took a rest. ② As soon as he gets to Beijing, he’ll call me.
③ We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.
1.) 基本用法:
(1) when, while, as: 都表示 “当……时”,when从句谓语动词既可以是瞬间动词也可以是延续性动词,可用于
主从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作；while从句谓语动词只能是延续性动词,侧重主从句动作同时发生； as引导一个持续性动作,多用于主从句动作同时发生,强调 “一边……一边”。 eg.① When I came in, my father was cooking. ③ He sang as he walked.
【注意】表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的有when, while, as, whenever。 eg.① Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。
② He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。
③ Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。
② I came in when/while my father was cooking.
2.) until用法:当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时,主从句都用肯定式,译为 “直到……为止”;当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词 时,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式,即not…..until, 译为 “直到……才”。
eg. ① Mr. Green waited until his children came back.
② Mr. Green didn't go to bed until his children came back.
(格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来。) (格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉。)
eg. She claimed to be 18, when I know she’s only 16.
eg. He had just been in bed when the phone rang.
3.) 特殊用法:
(1) when : conj. (a) although 虽然; 然而;可是 (b) considering that 考虑到; 既然 (c) 刚?就； 一?? 就
eg. How can they expect to learn anything when they never listen?
(2) while : conj. (必须用于句首) although; in spite of the fact that… 虽然;尽管
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eg. ① While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available.
(3) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。 eg.① Try to finish your work before you leave.
② After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. eg.① After being painted green, the house looked more beautiful. ② Before being invited to the party, he had been looking forward to it. (4) 时间连词 + 分词的用法:
eg.① When ( I was) walking in the street, I met Mr. Smith. ③ Don’t speak until (you are) told to.
② While they are my neighbors, I don’t know them well.
离开前设法把工作做完。 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。 After painted green (╳),? Before invited?(╳)
② While ( I was) waiting for the bus, I read a book. ④ He has changed a lot since ( he was) being in the army.
【注意】after与before可用作连词,又可作介词用。但是，在省略句中, after与before 须作介词用。表示被动时，介词之后不可用过去分词。
⑤ He didn’t go to the party until (he was) invited a second time.
3.) 当表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的: as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second,
the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。 eg. ① I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.
② The moment I have finished, I’ll give you a call.
③ I want to see him the minute/ the moment he arrives.
我一接她的信就通知你。 我一干完就给你打电话。 他一到我就要见他。
我一听到这个消息，马上就来了。 你一旦开始, 便不可停下来。
⑦ No sooner had I got home than I smelt something burnt. ⑨ Hardly had we sat down at the table when the telephone rang. 她从八岁起就打网球了。 坚持一下，等我找人来帮忙。 (谚)不要无事惹事。
④ I came immediately I heard the news. ⑤ Once you begin you must continue. ⑥ I went home directly I had finished work. ⑧ I recognized her instantly = the instant (that) (=as soon as) I saw her. eg.① She’s been playing tennis since she was eight. ② Hold on until I fetch help.
③ Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.
4.) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。
5.) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time
(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。
eg.① I’ll tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时，我就把这个情况告诉他。
② We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每当我们洗手的时候，我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。 ③You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 【注意】every time, each time, any time前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略,
而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。
2.
引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if (如果), unless(除非,如果……不)等。
eg. ① If you don’t go soon, youll be late.=Unless you go soon, you'll be late.
② Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧? ③ Don’t come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话，否则你别来。 ④ As long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do. 只要你高兴，你做什么都没关系。 ⑤In case it rains they will stay at home. 万一下雨, 他们就呆在家里。
【注意】在条件状语从句中, 通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义, 而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if
之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。 eg. If you will sit down for a few moments, I’ll tell the manager you’re here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有 because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)等。
③ As it was raining, we went there by bus.
⑤ It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
3.
eg. ① He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我，因为我是新来的。 ② He didn’t go to school because he was ill. ④ Since everybody is here, let’s begin.
⑥ As you are sorry, I’ll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。
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