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Mason, Richard Clive Pinter, Akos
RUZSA, IMRE Z. Schmidt, Wolfgang M. Szalay, Laszlo
Tichy, Robert Franz TIJDEMAN, ROBERT Turjanyi, Sandor
Van der Poorten, Alfred J. Vegso, Janos
Waldschmidt, Michel
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Anderson, Peter Gordon Ardal, Hayri Buhler, Joe P. Chou, Wun-Seng
CHUNG, FAN RONG KING (GRAHAM) FREEDMAN, ALLEN R.
GRAHAM, RONALD LEWIS Hare, Donovan R. HELL, PAVOL
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2 Pleasants, Peter Arthur Barry Robertson, Aaron RODL, VOJTECH Sertel, Murat R.
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2 1990:
2014 ICM Problem
Using Networks to Measure Influence and Impact
One of the techniques to determine influence of academic research is to build and measure properties of citation or co-author networks.
衡量学术研究影响的方法,看引用和论文合作的网络。
Co-authoring a manuscript usually connotes a strong influential connection between researchers. 论文合作的含义
One of the most famous academic co-authors was the 20th-century mathematician Paul Erd?s who had over 500 co-authors and published over 1400 technical research papers. 举一个例子PAUL ERDOS
It is ironic, or perhaps not, that Erd?s is also one of the influencers in building the foundation for the emerging interdisciplinary science of networks, particularly, through his publication with Alfred Rényi of the paper “On Random Graphs” in 1959. 可能ERDOS还是建立网络科学基础的人 Erd?s’s role as a collaborator was so significant in the field of mathematics that mathematicians often measure their closeness to Erd?s through analysis of Erd?s’s amazingly large and robust co-author network (see the website http://www.oakland.edu/enp/ ). 一个衡量论文合作的network
The unusual and fascinating story of Paul Erd?s as a gifted mathematician, talented problem solver, and master collaborator is provided in many books and on-line websites (e.g., http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Erdos.html).
Perhaps his itinerant lifestyle, frequently staying with or residing with his collaborators, and giving much of his money to students as prizes for solving problems, enabled his co-authorships to flourish and helped build his astounding network of influence in several areas of mathematics. 可能他的生活方式推动了他的合作网的发展。 In order to measure such influence as Erd?s produced, there are network-based evaluation tools that use co-author and citation data to determine impact factor of researchers, publications, and journals. Some of these are Science
Citation Index, H-factor, Impact
factor, Eigenfactor, etc. Google Scholar is also a good data tool to use for network
influence or impact data collection and analysis. Your team’s goal for ICM 2014 is to analyze influence and impact in research networks and other areas of society. Your tasks to do this include:
1) Build the co-author network of the Erdos1 authors (you can use the file from the website https://files.oakland.edu/users/grossman/enp/Erdos1.html or the one we include at Erdos1.htm ). You should build a co-author network of the approximately 510 researchers from the file Erdos1, who coauthored a paper with Erd?s, but do not include Erd?s. This will take some skilled data extraction and modeling efforts to obtain the correct set of nodes (the Erd?s coauthors) and their links (connections with one another as coauthors).
第一,建立一个网络,衡量一下510个人之间的联系。到底网络是反应什么?反应共同发表或者相互引用?
There are over 18,000 lines of raw data in Erdos1 file, but many of them will not be used since they are links to people outside the Erdos1 network.
If necessary, you can limit the size of your network to analyze in order to calibrate your influence measurement algorithm.
Once built, analyze the properties of this network. (Again, do not include Erd?s --- he is the most influential and would be connected to all nodes in the network.
In this case, it’s co-authorship with him that builds the network, but he is not part of the network or the analysis.)
1、建立一个网络,把erdos1的作家全部起来
2) Develop influence measure(s) to determine who in this Erdos1 network has significant influence within the network. Consider who has published important works or connects important researchers within Erdos1. Again, assume Erd?s is not there to play these roles.
建立衡量影响的测度方法,决定谁是erdos1 network里最重要的人,考虑谁出版了重要工作或者与erdos1里的重要人物有影响(是不是需要反馈?)
3) Another type of influence measure might be to compare the significance of a research paper by analyzing the important works that follow from its publication.
Choose some set of foundational papers in the emerging field of network science either from the attached list (NetSciFoundation.pdf) or papers you discover. Use these papers to analyze and develop a model to determine their relative influence.
Build the influence (coauthor or citation) networks and calculate appropriate measures for your analysis.
Which of the papers in your set do you consider is the most influential in network science and why? Is there a similar way to determine the role or influence measure of an individual network researcher?
Consider how you would measure the role, influence, or impact of a specific university, department, or a journal in network science? Discuss methodology to develop such measures and the data that would need to be collected.
又回来建立文章的重要性?这个比起来第二问里衡量人的重要性复杂在哪里?
4) Implement your algorithm on a completely different set of network influence data --- for instance, influential songwriters, music bands, performers, movie actors, directors, movies, TV shows, columnists, journalists, newspapers, magazines, novelists, novels, bloggers, tweeters, or any data set you care to analyze.
You may wish to restrict the network to a specific genre or geographic location or predetermined size. 特定风格、地理位置、或预定大小
5) Finally, discuss the science, understanding and utility of modeling influence and impact within
networks. Could individuals, organizations, nations, and society use influence methodology to improve relationships, conduct business, and make wise decisions? For instance, at the individual level, describe how you could use your measures and algorithms to choose who to try to co-author with in order to boost your mathematical influence as rapidly as possible. Or how can you use your models and results to help decide on a graduate school or thesis advisor to select for your future academic work?
6) Write a report explaining your modeling methodology, your network-based influence and impact measures, and your progress and results for the previous five tasks.
The report must not exceed 20 pages (not including your summary sheet) and should present solid analysis of your network data; strengths, weaknesses, and sensitivity of your methodology; and the power of modeling these phenomena using network science.
*Your submission should consist of a 1 page Summary Sheet and your solution cannot exceed 20 pages for a maximum of 21 pages.
This is a listing of possible papers that could be included in a foundational set of influential publications in network science. Network science is a new, emerging, diverse, interdisciplinary field so there is no large, concentrated set of journals that are easy to use to find network papers even though several new journals were recently established and new academic programs in network science are beginning to be offered in universities throughout the world. You can use some of these papers or others of your own choice for your team’s set to analyze and compare for influence or impact in network science for task #3. Erd?s, P. and Rényi, A., On Random Graphs, Publicationes Mathematicae, 6: 290-297, 1959.
Albert, R. and Barabási, A-L. Statistical mechanics of complex networks. Reviews of Modern Physics, 74:47-97, 2002.
Bonacich, P.F., Power and Centrality: A family of measures, Am J. Sociology. 92: 1170- 1182, 1987.
Barabási, A-L, and Albert, R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science, 286: 509-512, 1999.
Borgatti, S. Identifying sets of key players in a network. Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, 12: 21-34, 2006.
Borgatti, S. and Everett, M. Models of core/periphery structures. Social Networks, 21: 375-395, October 2000
Graham, R. On properties of a well-known graph, or, What is your Ramsey
number? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 328:166-172, June 1979.
Kleinberg, J. Navigation in a small world. Nature, 406: 845, 2000.
Newman, M. Scientific collaboration networks: II. Shortest paths, weighted networks, and centrality. Physical Review E, 64:016132, 2001.
Newman, M. The structure of scientific collaboration networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98: 404-409, January 2001.
Newman, M. The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review, 45:167-256, 2003.
Watts, D. and Dodds, P. Networks, influence, and public opinion formation. Journal of Consumer Research, 34: 441-458, 2007.
Watts, D., Dodds, P., and Newman, M. Identity and search in social networks. Science, 296:1302-1305, May 2002.
Watts, D. and Strogatz, S. Collective dynamics of `small-world' networks. Nature, 393: 440-442, 1998.
Snijders, T. Statistical models for social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 37: 131–153, 2011.
Valente, T. Social network thresholds in the diffusion of innovations, Social Networks, 18: 69-89, 1996.
Erdos1, Version 2010, October 20, 2010
This is a list of the 511 coauthors of Paul Erdos, together with their coauthors listed beneath them. The date of first joint paper with Erdos is given, followed by the number of joint publications (if
it is more than one). An asterisk following the name indicates that this Erdos coauthor is known to be deceased; additional information about the status of Erdos coauthors would be most welcomed. (This convention is not used for those with Erdos number 2, as to do so would involve too much work.)
Numbers preceded by carets follow the convention used by Mathematical Reviews in MathSciNet to distinguish people with the same names. Please send corrections and comments to grossman@oakland.edu
The Erdos Number Project Web site can be found at the following URL:
http://www.oakland.edu/enp
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RODL, VOJTECH
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SCHELP, RICHARD H. Scott, Alexander D. Shamir, Eliahu
Sidorenko, Alexander F. Simon, Istvan
SIMONOVITS, MIKLOS Sorkin, Gregory B. SOS, VERA TURAN
SPENCER, JOEL HAROLD Stacey, Alan M. Stern, Nicholas
STRAUS, ERNST GABOR*
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SZEMEREDI, ENDRE Tachibana, Shun-ichi Taraz, Anusch
Thomason, Andrew Gordon THOMASSEN, CARSTEN Tourlakis, Iannis Tucker, Susan L. Tusnady, Gabor
Varopoulos, Nicholas Th. Verstraete, Jacques Vu, Van Ha
Walters, Mark^1
Weinreich, David Egon
WEST, DOUGLAS BRENT Wierman, John C. Wilson, David Bruce
WINKLER, PETER MANN Woodall, Douglas R.
WORMALD, NICHOLAS CHARLES Yang, Jian Sheng^2 Zhang, Ke Min^1
BONAR, DANIEL DONALD Barth, Karl F. Belna, Charles L.
CARROLL, FRANCIS WIILLIAM Colwell, Peter
PIRANIAN, GEORGE*
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ENTRINGER, ROGER CHARLES FAJTLOWICZ, SIEMION Fan, Genghua Haggkvist, Roland Halberstam, Fay Y.
Hartman, Irith Ben-Arroyo HELL, PAVOL
HEMMINGER, ROBERT LOUIS Hopkins, Glenn W.
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1977 2 1973: Jackson, Bill Kouider, Mekkia Lin, Min Chih Locke, Stephen C. LOVASZ, LASZLO
Mercier, Fabien Stephane Patrick Murty, U. S. R.
Plummer, Michael D. Reed, Bruce A. Shen, Jian^2
SIMONOVITS, MIKLOS STATON, WILLIAM A., III Szwarcfiter, Jayme Luiz Thomasse, Stephan
THOMASSEN, CARSTEN TUZA, ZSOLT van den Heuvel, Jan Veldman, Henk Jan Vince, Andrew J. Welsh, Dominic J. A.
BONNET, ROBERT Abraham, Uri
Bekkali, Mohamed Corominas, Ernest Duffus, Dwight A. Faouzi, Latifa Kubis, Wieslaw Pouzet, Maurice Rubin, Matatyahu
SHELAH, SAHARON Si-Kaddour, Hamza Woodrow, Robert E.
BOROSH, ITSHAK Blakley, G. Robert
CHUI, CHARLES KAM-TAI da Conturbia, Andrea Flahive, Mary Elizabeth
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HOBBS, ARTHUR M. Holcomb, Trae
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Dodson, Maurice M. Macaskill, M. J.
NIVEN, IVAN MORTON* Robertson, Steven E. Rodgers, Peter Thompson, C. L.
WILLIAMSON, ALAN GLYNNE
BRENNER, JOEL LEE* Ablow, Clarence M. Alzer, Horst
Bearman, Jacob E. BEASLEY, LEROY B.
BOAS, RALPH PHILIP, JR.* Brenner, Charles Brown, B. W., Jr.
BROWN, WILLIAM G. Brualdi, Richard A. Carlitz, Leonard
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Lyndon, Roger C.
MacLeod, Robert Allister
MAYS, MICHAEL ELLSWORTH Olesky, D. Dale Randall, M.
Reitwiesner, George W. Riddell, James Ruehr, Otto G. Sherman, N.
Silberger, Donald M. Srivastava, Hari Mohan SZALAY, MIHALY
Wang, Edward Tzu HsiaWiegold, James WILLIAMSON, ALAN GLYNNE
BRILLHART, JOHN DAVID Apel, Geoffrey
BLECKSMITH, RICHARD FRED Carlitz, Leonard Filaseta, Michael A. Gerst, Irving
Hallyburton, John C., Jr. Johnson, Gene Douglas Lehmer, Derrick Henry Lehmer, Emma Lomont, John S.
MONTGOMERY, PETER L. Morrison, Michael A. MORTON, PATRICK
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Tuckerman, Bryant
WAGSTAFF, SAMUEL STANDFIELD, JR.
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Wheeler, Richard G. Wybranietz, Dieter
BATEMAN, PAUL TREVIER Brown, John Wesley
CHOWLA, SARVADAMAN D. S.* Datskovsky, Boris A.
DIAMOND, HAROLD GEORGE Duquette, Alfred L.Grosswald, Emil Hall, R. S.
HILDEBRAND, ADOLF J. Horn, Roger A.
Jockusch, Carl G., Jr. Kloss, Kenneth E.
Knopp, Marvin Isadore Kohlbecker, Eugene E. Low, Marc E.
POMERANCE, CARL BERNARD PURDY, GEORGE BARRY SELFRIDGE, JOHN L. Stemmler, Rosemarie M. STRAUS, ERNST GABOR* Tull, Jack P.
VAUGHAN, ROBERT CHARLES
WAGSTAFF, SAMUEL STANDFIELD, JR. Woods, Alan R.
BAUMGARTNER, JAMES EARL Balcerzak, Marek Dordal, Peter Lars Foreman, Matthew D.
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McKenzie, Ralph Nelson Prikry, Karel
Reinhardt, William N. SHELAH, SAHARON Spinas, Otmar Tall, Franklin D.
TAYLOR, ALAN DANA Thomas, Simon R. Todorcevic, Stevo B. van Douwen, Eric Karel Wagon, Stanley Weese, Martin Zbierski, Pawel
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Dias da Silva, Jose A. (Perdigao) Gregory, David A.
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Ryll-Nardzewski, Czeslaw Sagan, Bruce Eli Scedrov, Andrej
Schlitt, Greg M.SHELAH, SAHARON Simpson, Stephen G. Stanojevic, Caslav V. TAYLOR, ALAN DANA Van den Bussche, Jan Veanes, Margus
WEISS, GARY LYNN
BLECKSMITH, RICHARD FRED Apel, Geoffrey
BRILLHART, JOHN DAVID Brudno, Simcha Filaseta, Michael A. Gerst, Irving
Laud, Purushottam W. McCallum, Michael Nicol, Charles A. Null, Gilbert
SELFRIDGE, JOHN L.
BLEICHER, MICHAEL NATHANIEL Ahmadi, Mohammad H. Beck, Anatole Bourne, Samuel
FEJES TOTH, LASZLO* Knopp, Marvin Isadore
Marczewski, Edward (Szpilrajn) Osborn, J. Marshall Preston, Gordon B. Schneider, Hans
Wilson, Robert L., Jr.
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Nouh, Jamal Hussain
OELLERMANN, ORTRUD R.
1999 1975: 3 1987: 2 Sherwani, Naveed A. VanderJagt, Donald W. Williams, Kenneth L. Yates, Julie
BOAS, RALPH PHILIP, JR.* 1948 Anselone, Philip M. Askey, Richard A. Boas, Harold P. Boas, Mary L. Bochner, Salomon
BRENNER, JOEL LEE*
BUCK, ROBERT CREIGHTON* Cargo, Gerald T.
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KLAMKIN, MURRAY SEYMOUR* Klema, Virginia C.Levinson, Norman Marcus, Michael B.
POLLARD, HARRY STRANGE* Polya, George Prather, Carl L.
Rahman, Qazi Ibadur REDDY, A. R. Schaeffer, A. C. Schoenfeld, Lowell Smithies, Frank Stutz, C.
Trembinska, Antoinette M. Tukey, John W.
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BOES, DUANE CHARLES Ballerini, Rocco Borak, Thomas B. Breidt, F. Jay
Chebaane, Mohamed
DARST, RICHARD BRIAN Davis, Richard A. Flora, Mark D. Frances, Felix Gupta, Sat Narain
1981 Heo, Jun-Hang Inkret, William C. Jayasumana, Anura P.
Obeysekera, Jayantha T. B. Ouyang, Zhao Pegram, G. G. S.
Salas-LaCruz, Jose D. Schreuder, Hans T. Smith, Ricardo A. Strand, Matthew Troutman, Brent Vecchia, Aldo V. Wagner, Joel I. Werahera, Priya N. Yevjevich, Vujica
BOLLOBAS, BELA Albertson, Michael O. ALON, NOGA M. Arora, Sanjeev Arratia, Richard
Balister, Paul Neville Balogh, Jozsef Bartal, Yair Berger, Noam
Bermond, Jean-Claude Borgs, Christian
Brightwell, Graham R. Broder, Andrei Z.
CATLIN, PAUL ALLEN* Chayes, Jennifer Tour
CHUNG, FAN RONG KING (GRAHAM) CLARK, LANE HENRY Cockayne, Ernest James Cooper, Colin Coppersmith, Don Cutler, Jonathan Drew Das, Gautam
DAYKIN, DAVID E.Donadelli, Jair Duchet, Pierre Egawa, Yoshimi Eldridge, Stephen E. Elkin, Michael Fang, Zu Yao
FAUDREE, RALPH JASPER, JR.
1962: 18 Fenner, Trevor I.
Fernandez de la Vega, Wenceslao Frank, Ove
Freeman, Walter J. Frieze, Alan M. Galanis, Efstratios Gamarnik, David Gerke, Stefanie
Goldsmith, Donald L. Gotsman, Craig
GRAHAM, RONALD LEWIS Grimmett, Geoffrey R. Gunopulos, Dimitris
GUY, RICHARD KENNETH GYARFAS, ANDRAS GYORI, ERVIN Haggkvist, Roland HARARY, FRANK* Harris, Andrew J.
HEGYVARI, NORBERT HELL, PAVOL Hind, Hugh R. F.
HOBBS, ARTHUR M. Huang, Yi Ru
JANSON, SVANTE Jayawardene, Chula J. JIN, GUO PING Johnson, John Robert Karonski, Michal Keevash, Peter Kim, Jeong Han Kindler, Guy
Klee, Victor L., Jr.
KOHAYAKAWA, YOSHIHARU KOSTOCHKA, ALEXANDR V. Kozma, Robert
KRIVELEVICH, MICHAEL Kumar, Santosh
Leader, Imre Bennett LEHEL, JENO
LOVASZ, LASZLO LUCZAK, TOMASZ Mannila, Heikki Manvel, Bennet