薄冰高中英语语法之
虚拟语气
主 编 薄 冰
执行主编 庄志琳 葛炳芳 田绍慧 山西教育出版社2014年最新版
出 版 人 雷俊林 出版策划 苗补坤 责任编辑 张荣荣 ISBN 978-7-5440-5630-4
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丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？？？
不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。
对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处： 第一 可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从头摸索。
第二 可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。
第三 可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。
第四 语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。
丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？
我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点：
第一 基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢记在心。
第二 要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，练习要着重说和写。
第三 学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。
第四 要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。
第五 将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书，像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。
第六 实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的流利性。
最后 可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有
点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。
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薄冰高中英语语法之·虚拟语气
目 录
14—1 语气的种类 ", 陈述语气 ", 祈使语气 ", 虚拟语气 14—2 虚拟语气的用法 ", 虚拟语气用在简单句中 ", 虚拟语气用在复合句中 ", 与虚拟语气有关的结构 14—3 单元练习
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Unit 14 虚拟语气
语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人对动词所表示的动作或状态的态度。
14-1 语气的种类 [1] 陈述语气
表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。如：
Iraq is an Asian country. 伊拉克是亚洲国家。（肯定句）
The US and British armies did not start the Second Gulf War until March 20，2003. 美英联军于2003年3月20日发动了第二次海湾战争。（否定句） Who was it that they want to help?
他们想要帮忙的人到底是谁呀?（疑问句） How interesting my stay in China has been！ 我在中国的日子过得真是有趣！（感叹句） [2] 祈使语气
表示说话人对对方的请求、警告或命令。如： Please come over here. 请到这边来。
Would you be so kind as to lend me a hand? 请帮个忙好吗? Watch your steps！ 当心！（走路）
Never be late again！ 再也不要迟到了。 [3] 虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜测、建议或与事实不符的假设等，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。如： If I were a bird，I would be able to fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。 May you succeed！ 祝您成功！
If only we had been college students last year! 去年我们要是大学生该多好！
14-2 虚拟语气的用法
[1 ] 虚拟语气用在简单句中 表示祝愿，命令。如：
May you be happy. 祝你幸福。
May you have a pleasant journey. 祝你旅途愉快。
May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友谊天长地久。 [2] 虚拟语气用在复合句中 虚拟语气用于宾语从句
常跟在动词 wish，suggest，order，insist，propose等词后面的宾语从句中，表示的是一
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种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动作表示的只是一种愿望、要求。
(1) 在wish后的宾语从句中，be动词常用“were-型”表虚拟语气，行为动词用一般过去时替代一般现在时。
表示现在的愿望和将来的愿望，宾语从句中谓语动词要用过去式（be通常用were）或would，could，might ＋ 动词原形。如：
I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我这一边。 I wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他。 表示过去的愿望，宾语从句谓语动词要用过去完成时或would，could，might ＋ have ＋ 过去分词。如：
I wish I had been with her last weekend. 我希望上周末和她在一起。 How I wished it hadn't been snowing while I was there! 多么希望我在那边时不是一直都下雪啊！ 注意：
were-型虚拟式只有一种形式，即不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用were，如果动词为进行体或被动语态，其助动词也一律用were。 试题解析：
—Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?
—I wish I ______ ，but I have to study for a test.
A. had B. should C. could D. did 【答案选C】wish后用虚拟语气，本意为“我希望我能”，故应用can的过去时could。 (2) 在动词 suggest（建议），demand（要求），order（命令），propose（建议），insist（坚持做），command（命令），request（要求），desire（希望）后面的从句中，动词用“should-型”虚拟式，即：should ＋ 动词原形，表示建议、要求、命令等。should可以省略。如：
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once. 我建议马上开会。 The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south. 这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。
注意：
① 当suggest表示“暗示”时，后接的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。比较：
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision. 他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。 He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision. 他建议我坚持自己的决定。 ② 当insist表示“坚持（说/认为）”时，后接的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。比较：
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。
He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day. 他坚持每天都要做早操。
③ 当ask表示“问”时，后接的宾语从句应当用真实语气，而在表示“要求”时，则
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用法类似require / request，用虚拟语气。比较：
He asked us if we had wanted to visit the Summer Palace. 他问我们是否本来想去参观颐和园。
He asks that he (should) be given the chance. 他要求得到这个机会。 试题解析：
1. —What did the doctor say about your mother's illness? —He suggested that she ______ an operation at once.
A. must have B. had C. have D. had had
【答案选C】suggest表示“建议”讲时，引导的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，其形式为suggest that sb.（should）do sth.，句中的should可以省略。 2. The teacher demanded that the exam ______ before election.
A. would be finished B. must be finished C. be finished D. must be finishing
【答案选C】demand，order，command，require，request等表示“要求，命令”的动词，引导的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，形式为：（should+）动词原形。 虚拟语气用于表语从句
(1) 当主语为advice，suggestion，order，proposal，demand等词时，后接that引导的表语从句，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)＋ 动词原形”结构，表示建议、劝告、命令的内容。如：
My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible. 我的建议是你尽可能经常练习说英语。
The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately. 司令官的命令是部队立即出发去前线。
(2) 当宾语为advice，suggestion，order，proposal，demand等词时，后面接that引导的同位语从句，从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，说明所提出的建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如：
He gave us some advice that we should pay attention to our pronunciation. 他给我们的忠告是要重视发音。
Mr Li put forward a suggestion that the meeting should be put off until next Monday. 李先生建议会议推迟到下周一。
(3) as if，as though引导的表语从句，如果表示与事实或可能出现的事实相反的假设，be动词用“were-型”虚拟式，行为动词用过去完成时。如： He looks as if he were his father. 他看起来像他爸爸。 He seemed as though he had known everything. 他好像什么都知道了似的。（事实上他并不知道。）
当as if，as though引导的表语从句不表示与事实或可能出现的事实相反的假设时，则不用虚拟语气。如：
Tom looks as if he's been told about the car accident already. 看起来好像汤姆已经获悉这起汽车事故。 试题解析：
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water，it looks as if it ______ .
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had broken
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【答案选C】译文：当一支铅笔的一部分在一杯水里时，看起来就像断掉了一样。 虚拟语气用于主语从句
在句型 “It is important (necessary，strange，natural) that... ” 中，that 从句中的谓语动词用“should ＋ 动词原形”。如：
It's necessary that we should have a walk now. 现在我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she (should) be taken good care of. 她得到很好的照顾是很自然的。 It's important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
虚拟语气用于if引导的条件状语从句
虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在、过去和将来。 (1) 与过去的事实相反
条件状语从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
had ＋ 过去分词（过去完成时） should/would/could/might ＋ have ＋ 动词原形
If you had got up earlier，you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。
If I had set off a little earlier，I would have caught the train. 要是我早点出发，就可以赶上火车了。
She would / might have come if she hadn't been so busy. 她要不是那么忙就来了。 If I hadn't taken your advice，I would have made a bad mistake. 要是没有听你的劝告，我就犯了一个大错误。 试题解析：
1. —If he ______ ，he ______ that food.
—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warned；would not take B. had been warned；would not have taken C. would be warned；had not taken D. would have been warned；had not taken 【答案选B】译文：“如果有人警告了他，他就不会吃那食物了。”“幸亏他被立刻送到了医院。”
2. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she ______ ，she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
【答案选D】译文：那次会上我没有看到你妹妹。她要是来了，就可以见到我弟弟了。 3. You didn't let me drive. If we ______ in turn，you ______ so tired. A. drove；didn't get B. drove；wouldn't get
C. were driving；wouldn't get D. had driven；wouldn't have got 【答案选D】译文：你不让我开车。如果我们轮流开，你就不会那么累了。 (2) 与现在的事实相反
条件状语从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
过去式（be的过去式通常用were） should/would/could/might+动词原形
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If I had time，I would study French. 如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。 If she knew English，she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。 (3) 与将来可能出现的事实进行相反的假设
条件状语从句的谓语动词 ● 过去式 （be的过去式通常用were） ● should （用于所有人称）＋动词原形 ● were＋to＋动词原形
主句的谓语动词
should / would / could / might ＋ 动词原形 If it were fine tomorrow，I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。 I would certainly go with you if I should have time next Monday. 下周一我要是有时间，就与你一起去。 (4) 有时，用without / but for表示“要不是”，“如果没有”这样的虚拟条件（相当于if it weren't / hadn't been for...），或者otherwise和or这样的并列连词，表示虚拟条件，句中的谓语动词一般用虚拟语气。如：
But for your help，I couldn't finish my work on time. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不能按时完成我的工作。
Without water or air，nothing could live. 没有空气和水，万物不能生存。
He turned up at last；or we would have had to find another time for a meeting. 他终于出现了。否则，我们得另外找时间开会了。 试题解析：
Without electricity human life ______ quite different today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be 【答案选D】译文：如果没有电，今天人们的生活会大不相同的。
(5) 有时条件状语从句中的动作与主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这时谓语动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
If you had followed my advice，you would be able to finish the work now. 如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。） If I were you，I would have gone to her birthday party. 如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日聚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。）
If you hadn't lent me some money，I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now. 假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。） 试题解析：
1. If there were no examinations，we should have ______ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 【答案选D】译文：要是没有考试，我们在学校会更加快乐。
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2. If he ______ quietly as the doctor instructed，he would not suffer so much now.
A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie
【答案选C】译文：如果他听医生的话静静地躺着，他现在就不用吃那么多苦了。 (6) 含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表现出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有3种情况： 条件暗含在单词或短语中。如： What would I have done without you?
如果没有你，我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在介词短语without you中。) It would be easier to do it this way.
这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中。)
This same thing，happening in wartime，would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战争时期，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中) Alone，he would have been terrified.
如果是单独一人，他会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone。) 条件暗含在上下文中。如：
You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to。) We would have succeeded.
我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying。) Your reputation would be ruined.
你的名誉会被毁的。(可能暗含if you should accept it。)
I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点儿时间。 (可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time。) 试题解析：
He is working hard for fear that he ______ .
A. fails B. failed C. would fail D. fail 【答案选D】译文：由于担心自己会失败，所以他努力工作。
在某些情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如： You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。 I would like to come. 我愿意来。
I wouldn't have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。
He told the story in such minute details that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他把那个故事讲得非常仔细，简直就像他亲眼看见一样。
注意：
① 当虚拟语气if从句中含有should，were 或had时，在书面语中可省去if，将should，were 或had提到主语前，形成倒装。如：
② Had he known her address，he would have gone to visit her. 如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。
Were she younger，she would do it. 如果她年轻点，她就会干的。
Should there be a good film tomorrow，I would go to the cinema with you. 明天万一有好的影片，我就跟你一起去看电影。
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② 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。如：
I could help you. 我本来可以帮助你。 If I had time. 我要有时间该多好啊。
She should have come to the party. 她应该来参加聚会。
③ 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词时态可以和主句的动作时态不一致。如： If they had studied hard，they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在就会干得容易些。
If he had not taken my advice，he wouldn't do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。 具体地说，有以下几种情况需要注意： ● 从句表示过去，主句表示现在。
If they had started in the early morning yesterday，they would be there now. 他们要是昨天清晨出发，现在就可能到那里了。 ● 从句表示将来，主句表示过去。
If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment tomorrow afternoon，I would have gone to see the film with you last night. 要不是我得准备明天下午的实验，我昨晚就跟你看电影去了。
● 从句表示过去，主句表示将来。
If we hadn't made adequate preparations，we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week. 如果我们没有作好充分的准备，下个礼拜就不敢做实验。 ● 从句表示将来，主句表示现在。
If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon，I would go shopping now. 要是今天下午不考试，我现在就去买东西了。
虚拟语气用于方式状语从句
由as if，as though引起的与事实相反的方式状语从句，不论主句的谓语是现在时或过去时，其谓语表示的时间概念和句子结构，基本上都表示虚拟语气。如：
John pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all，but in fact he knows it very well. 约翰假装对这事一无所知，但实际上他一清二楚。(用过去时表示与现在事实相反的假设。)
The old man looked at the picture；he felt as though he had gone back to 20 years ago. 老人看着这张照片，觉得好像回到了20年前的时候。（用过去完成时表示与过去相反的事实。） They talked and talked as if they would never meet again. 他们聊啊聊，似乎再也不能见面似的。(would＋动词原形，表示与将来事实相反的假设。) The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child. 这位老师对待这位学生就像对她的亲生孩子一样。
He speaks as if he had been to the United States. 他说得好像他到过美国似的。 [3] 与虚拟语气有关的结构
(1) 在“It is(was) ＋ adj. ＋ that...”结构中，当形容词是necessary，important，probable，possible，strange等时，主语从句的谓语也用“should ＋ 动词原形（should常省略）”表示虚拟语气。如：
It was necessary that we (should) get everything ready ahead of time.
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我们有必要提前做好各种准备。
It is strange that he (should) not be prepared for this. 他居然对此没有准备，真是太奇怪了。
It is important that we (should) know something about literature. 了解一些文学对于我们来说是很重要的。 试题解析：
It is really strange that the girl ______ so early.
A. has been married B. has married C. be married D. would marry
【答案选C】省略了should。译文：那个女孩居然那么早就结婚了，真是奇怪。 (2) would rather / had rather表示“宁愿、但愿”，后面的宾语从句中谓语动词用过去时表示现在的愿望，用过去完成时表示对过去所做的事情的懊悔。如： I would rather you went with me. 我宁愿你和我一起去。 I'd rather you told me the truth. 我真希望你告诉我真相。 I'd rather I didn't see you again. 我宁愿不再见你。
I would rather everything hadn't happened. 但愿一切都没有发生过。 (3) hope，expect，think，mean等表示“希望”、“打算”等心理活动的动词，在表达“本来希望（想要??）”这样的含义时，动词用过去时表示现在，用过去完成时表示过去，如用had hoped表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情。如：
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there，but she said she liked to stay in China.
我本来希望她去美国上学，可她说她喜欢待在中国。
I wanted to have a talk with you，but since you have another guest at the moment，I can call you later. 我本想和你谈谈，不过既然你现在有别的客人，我以后给你打电话吧。
(4) 在“It is（high / about）time ＋ that”句型中，定语从句的谓语用一般过去时。如： It is high (about) time that we left. 我们该走了。 It is time that we did something to stop pollution. 是该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。
It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten. 是该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。
在这个句型中，that引导的定语从句中偶尔也可以用would(should) ＋ 动词原形，或had rather (would rather) ＋ 词原形。
但应注意：在“This is the first / second...time that...”句型中，that从句中谓语动词用现在完成时，如果是“That was the last... time that...”则应用过去完成时。如：
This is already my hundredth time that I've seen Tom；he is really a frequent visitor to the tea house！
这已经是我第一百次见到汤姆了。他实在是这家茶馆的常客啊！
It was my first time I had been with Mr Li. 那是我第一次和李先生在一起。 (5) if only则表示“如果??就好了”，从句中用“were-型”虚拟语气。如： If only the alarm clock had rung！ 当时闹钟响了就好了。 If only he had come！ 要是他来了多好啊！ only if表示 “只有”，是对if的强调，用陈述语气。如：
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I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
14-3 单元练习
Ⅰ. 选择最佳答案填空。
(1) ______ it rain tomorrow，we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will (2) If my lawyer ______ here last Saturday， he ______ me from going.
A. had been；would have prevented B. had been；would prevent C. were；would prevent D. were；would have prevented (3) He ______ you more help， even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give (4) The two strangers talked as if they ______ friends for years.
A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been (5) If I had worn my overcoat， I ______ cold.
A. won't have caught B. couldn't have caught C. won't catch D. wouldn't catch
(6) Without the sun that holds some of the sun's heat， the earth at night ______ too cold for us to live.
A. would be freezing B. will be freezing C. would be frozen D. can freeze
(7) ______ for the free tickets， I would have gone to the film so often. A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not (8) —Shall I go and buy two more bottles of beer?
—No， I've already bought some. That ______ be enough for us two.
A. can B. may C. ought to D. might (9) —Where ______ ?
—I got stuck in the heavy traffic，or I ______ here earlier.
A. did you go；had arrived B. are you；was
C. were you；would come D. have you been；would have been (10) ______ be sent to work there?
A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should C. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should Ⅱ. 用适当的动词填空。
(1) If I ______ (be) you，I would not do such a thing.
(2) Suppose our teacher couldn't come，who ______ (will) take his place? (3) If he ______ (follow) the doctor's advice，he would not have died. (4) If you ______ (shall) ever see him，please hand him this note. (5) If I ______ (know) her well，I would tell you about her. Ⅲ. 用所给动词的正确形式完成下列短文。
A country girl was walking to the market one day，carrying a pail of milk on her head. As she
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walked along she began to daydream.
“If I (1) ______ (sell) the milk I (2) ______ (get) enough money to buy some eggs，”she thought.“I (3) ______ (put) them to hatch under the broody hen and I (4) ______ (have) at least a dozen chicks to sell at the market. They (5) ______ (be) ready just at the right time，when poultry (6) ______ (be) really expensive to buy，so I (7) ______ (have) enough money to buy a new dress.”
“I wonder that colour of a dress I (8) ______ (buy)，” she thought. “Green，I think. That suits me best. Oh，I (9) ______ (look) so beautiful that all the boys at the fair (10) ______ (want) to dance with me.” Ⅳ. 改错。
(1) I hope Professor Smith has taught me French.
(2) My idea is that we shall have a football match with Class 5 next Tuesday. (3) The job would require that I am at the company at 6：30 every morning. (4) If he had hurried，he had caught the flight for Guangzhou. (5) I could have done better if I took my time.
【参考答案】
Ⅰ.(1) B (2) A (3) A (4) D (5) B (6) A (7) C (8) D (9) D (10) A Ⅱ.(1) were (2) would (3) had followed (4) should (5) knew
Ⅲ.(1) were to sell (2) could get (3) would put (4) could have (5) would be
(6) would be (7) should have (8) should buy (9) would look (10) would want Ⅳ.(1) I wish Professor Smith had taught me French.
(2) My idea is that we (should) have a football match with Class 5 next Tuesday. (3) The job would require that I (should) be at the company at 6：30 every morning. (4) If he had hurried， he would have caught the flight for Guangzhou. (5) I could have done better if I had taken my time.
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