NO5-2---by Aileen08
Section 1
Visual recognition involves storing 核心内容 and retrieving memories. Neural
activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain's memory system that (5) constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the
(10) question of whether recognition is a SE提出关于视觉识别过程的争论 parallel, one-step process or a serial,
step-by-step one. Psychologists of the 一种无效解释，可略读（但最后才看见作者态度） Gestalt school maintain that objects are G recognized as wholes in a parallel
(15) procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a
single operation. Other psychologists 另一种解释 have proposed that internal
representation features are matched TS，相对正确的观点 (20) serially with an object's features.
Although some experiments show that, as 让步，重点看后半句 an object becomes familiar, its internal
representation becomes more holistic and ＞ the recognition process correspondingly (25) more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,
at least for objects that are not 作者态度 notably simple and familiar.
文章结构类型：解释问题型，文章第四句提出争论的问题，之后提出两种观点，最后表明态度
TS：Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object's features. 态度：文章末句 单词：
阅读专用词汇：triggered，correspondingly
积累抽象词汇：retinal视网膜的，Gestalt school格式塔学派
视觉辨认（visual recognition）涉及到记忆的存储（storing）以及重新提取（retrieving）。由眼睛触发的神经活动在大脑的记忆系统形成一形象，该形象对于被目睹之物构成一种内心再现图像。当某一客体再度被遇到时，它就与内心再现图象对应起来，从而得到被辨认出来。围绕着辨认究竟是一个平行的、一蹴而就的过程还是依照先后顺序的、按部就班的过程这一问题，众说纷纭，意见不一。格尔塔学派（GestaltSchool）的心理学家坚持认为，物体是作
NO5-2---by Aileen08
为整体在一平行的步骤中被辨认出来的：内心再现图像只通过一次性操作即完成与视网膜形象（retinal image）的对应。其它心理学家则提出，内心再现图像的特征是先后有序地与物体的特征对应起来的。虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial hypothesis），至少对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说是这样的。 17. The author is primarily concerned with（主旨题）
(A) explaining how the brain receives images（只有首句提到，文章重点在于recognize,而
不是receive） (B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition（文章中心不是为了合成假设，中心词错
了，故错。） (C) examining the evidence supporting the serial recognition hypothesis不全面
(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it 结合首句（L1~3Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity）和TS（L17~20，Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object's features.）可以清楚地判断
(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to
neural activity experiments只是用来支持假说，并不是主要内容
18. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition? （罗马数字题，定位L13~17，Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.）
I.
A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.歪曲原意，只是匹配并不是说完全一样
II. An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.
对Psychologists观点句的改写 III. The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.同样
是观点的改写 (A) II only (B) III only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only（D） (E) I, II, and III
19. It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visual recognition is（推理题，定位L6~9，When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized.）
(A) not a neural activity（定位L2~6，Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain's memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object.与文章不符）
(B) not possible when an object is viewed for the very first time（B）对应文章第7行When an object is encountered again，视觉辨认至少是第二次看见物体
(C) not possible if a feature of a familiar object is changed in some way无中生有
NO5-2---by Aileen08
(D) only possible when a retinal image is received in the brain as a unitary whole与原文观
点相反 (E) now fully understood as a combination of the serial and parallel processes误选 E，文章最后作者明确表明支持序列加工，并非两者结合
20. It terms of its tone and form, the passage can best be characterized as（态度题）一般都是客
观公正的态度，只要认识单词应该能选对
(A) a biased exposition有偏见的阐述 (B) a speculative study推测性的研究
(C) a dispassionate presentation客观的陈述（C） (D) an indignant denial愤怒的否定 (E) a dogmatic explanation武断的解释
In large part as a consequence of
the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in
recent years on determining more ＞ (5) accurately the status of women in
various periods. Although much has been 让步，注意后半句 accomplished for the modern period,
premodern cultures have proved more ＞，SE
difficult: sources are restricted in V 1、2、3、4 (10) number, fragmentary, difficult to
interpret, and often contradictory. Thus it is not particularly surprising that 强调句 some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures has so far gone unchallenged.
(15) An example is Johann Bachofen's 1861 J.B 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruled societies of questionable existence contemporary with ancient Greece.
Starting from the premise that
(20) mythology and legend preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofen
argued that women were dominant in many SE ancient societies. His work was based on a comprehensive survey of references in (25) the ancient sources to Amazonian and other societies with matrilineal customs—societies in which descent and property rights are traced through the female line. Some support for his
NO5-2---by Aileen08
(30) theory can be found in evidence such
as that drawn from Herofotus, the Greek H
\fifth century B. C.,who 15-C，B.C speaks of an Amazonian society, the
Sauromatae, where the women hunted and Sa (35) fought in wars. A woman in this society was not allowed to marry until she had killed a person in battle.
Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders of ancient myths have
(40) preserved facts is problematic. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to
(45) represent observed historical fact—real
Amazonian societies—but rather to offer \outcome of women's rule in their own society. The Amazons were often
(50) characterized, for example, as the equivalents of giants and centaurs, enemies to be slain by Greek heroes.
Their customs were presented not as those of a respectable society, but as
(55) the very antitheses of ordinary Greek practices.
Thus, I would argue, the purpose of accounts of the Amazons for their male Greek recorders was didactic, to teach (60) both male and female Greeks that all-female groups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society, are
destructive and dangerous. Myths about the Amazons were used as arguments for (65) the male-dominated status quo, in which groups composed exclusively of either sex were not permitted to segregate themselves permanently from society.
Bachofen was thus misled in his reliance (70) on myths for information about the status of women. The sources that will
SE，转折 － 关注后半句 ﹥﹤ the purpose of 强驱动短语 TS － － NO5-2---by Aileen08
probably tell contemporary historians
most about women in the ancient world ⊙ are such social documents as grave-
(75) stones, wills, and marriage contracts.
Studies of such documents have already begun to show how mistaken － we are when we try to derive our picture of the ancient world exclusively from (80) literary sources, especially myths.
文章结构类型：新观点推翻旧观点型，文章首段介绍背景，之后提出旧的观点，然后表明作者态度，最后提出新观点
TS：Thus, I would argue, the purpose of accounts of the Amazons for their male Greek recorders was didactic, to teach both male and female Greeks that all-female groups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society, are destructive and dangerous.
态度：反对Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders of ancient myths have preserved facts is problematic. 单词：
阅读专用词汇：fragmentary, treatise, didactic, 积累抽象词汇：matrilineal母系的
在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist movement）的缘故，史学家近年来
汇聚了大量的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。虽然对现当代的 研究成就斐然，但古代文化的研究要证明更为困难：资料来源数量有限，支离破碎，难 于解释，且经常互相矛盾。因此，人们并不特别惊讶地发现，有关这些古代文化的早期 学术研究迄今为止听凭其流传下来，而未遭到质疑。其中一个实例就是约翰·巴霍芬 （Johann Bachofen）1861年论述亚马孙人（Amazons）的论文，而所谓亚马孙人，即那 些由女性统治的社会，其难置可否的存在与古希腊时值同期。
从神话和传说至少保存了史实的核心这一前提出发，巴霍芬论辨道，女性在许多古 代社会占据着统治地位。他的研究所依据的是对古代史料来源中的参考材料进行的综合 考虑，而这些参考材料则涉及到亚马孙和其他带有母系（matrilineal）习俗的社会— —在这些社会内，亲缘关系和财产所有权均经由女性这条线来追溯。他的理论的某些依 据可从某一类证据中寻找到，如由希罗多德（Herodotus）那里获取的证据，而希罗多 德，乃公元前五世纪的希腊“史学家”，也曾谈及某一亚马孙社会，即Sauromatae，在 此社会内，女性进行狩猎并在战争中作战。该社会中的女性必须首先在战斗中杀死一名 敌人之后，方被允许成婚。
虽然如此，然则，古代神话的最早记述者得以将史实保存下来这一假设是站不住脚 的。如果我们首先作一番审视，古人为何会提及亚马孙人，情况将会变得显而易见，即 古希腊对这些社会所作的描述，与其说意欲再现亲眼目睹的历史事实——真正的亚马孙 社会——还不如说是要针对女性在他们自己的社会中实行统治所可能产生的后果，提供 “道德训导”（moral lesson）。例如，亚马孙人经常被描绘成巨人和人首马身怪物的同 类，成为注定要遭古希腊英雄杀戮的敌人。她们的习俗被刻划成不是一个体面的社会应 有的习俗，而是与合乎常规的古希腊惯例构成了绝然的对立。
因此，我要指出，对于记述神话的古希腊男性来说，有关亚马孙人的描述，其目的
