Not until he saw his mother did the little boy smile
It was not until he saw his mother that the little boy smiled. (为上句的强调结构) 一??就??
as soon as, the minute/the moment/the instant, immediately, directly, instantly: It began to rain as soon as/immediately/the moment I arrived home. Hardly/scarcely?when, no sooner?than
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Hardly/scarcely had I arrived home when it began to rain. No sooner had we begun having dinner than the doorbell rang. 地点状语从句
通常由where引导 Stay where you are.
After you are finished with the book, put it where it was. A driver should slow down where there are schools.
The tree of this kind grows favorably where it is wet. 考题
——，work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental from. (TOEFL 2000)
a. They occur where they are b. Occurring where
c. Where they occur* d. Where do they occur
I have kept that portrait _____ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London. (96-01 CET-4) a. which b. where* c. whether
d. when
也可由wherever, anywhere, everywhere引导
Wherever he happens to be, Clint can make himself at home. Everywhere they appeared, there were ovations.
Wherever there is water, air and earth, there is vegetation. 原因状语从句 because
表因果关系的语气最强，用来回答why的问句，所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道或最感兴趣的。
You want to know why I am leaving? I am leaving because I’m fed up with the job and
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boss.
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. 在主句是否定的情况下，because从句的理解有两种情形。
I didn’t attend the meeting because he was present too. 可能有以下歧义：
因为当时也有他出席，所以我没有去参加这个会议。 我出席这次会议并不是因为有他参加。 I didn’t marry her because I lived her. 因为我爱她，所以我决定不跟她结婚。 我并不是因为爱她才和她结婚。 Since
表示人们已知的事实，不须强调的原因，故常译成“既然??”，通常放在句首。 Since Monday is Bob’s birthday, let’s throw him a party. Since everyone is here, let’s get started.
Since you are free tonight, why not drop in and play chess with me? 考题
You are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. (99-06 CET-6) a. For b. Since c. Before d. While
As
As与 since用法差不多，所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉而不须用because加以强调。
She didn’t hear us come in as she was asleep.
I left a message as you weren’t there.
As Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be close.
I have to speak English with them, as the guys I live with don’t know any Chinese. For
对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明。
The days were short, for it was now December.
It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
比较：because it rained last night, the ground is wet this morning. It must be morning, for the birds are singing.
Pay attention to your enemies, for they are the first to discover your mistakes. 比较：
as, for引导的主从句，重要性相对平等； because从句则显得比主句重要，强调原因；
since则从句次于主句，重在说明将要做什么事。
目的状语从句
从属连词有：so that, in order that或that等，从句中常含有情态动词。
They carved the words on the stone so that/in order that the future generation should/might remember what they had done.
We climbed high (so) that we might get a better view.
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The teacher raised his voice in order that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
*联想省略后的不定式in order to do/so as to do（逻辑主语或相同）或in order for sb to do（逻辑主语不同时）。
All the key words in the article are printed in bold type so as to attract readers’ attention.
We climbed high in order to get a better view.
They carved the words on the stone in order for the future generation to remember what they had done.
The teacher raised his voice in order for the students in the back to hear more clearly. 考题
____ Measure matter we must have units of weight, volume and length. (CET-4) a. In order
b. In order to* c. So as d. So as to
*so as to不可用于句首。因为so本意为“如此”，只有先说了些什么，才谈得上“如此”“怎样”。
Lest, for fear(that), in case: 以免、以防，深怕??
Take an umbrella with you lest it should rain.
People evacuated the building for fear that the wall should collapse.
She cleans the window with great care lest she might break the window.
We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face, for fear that there should be any misunderstanding. 结果状语从句
so?that, such?that, so (that), such that
a “John Hancock” is a person’s signature. John Hancock was the first person to sign the American “Declaration of Independence”. He signed it so large and bold that now we use his name to refer to anyone’s signature.
