无论是用汉语写作的作品,还是用汉语翻译的作品,目前都有这么一种趋势,那就是四字格的运用越来越频繁,越来越广泛。
? 四字格有两大类,一类是汉语成语的四字格,另一类是普通词语四字格。
? 总起来说,四字格有三大优点:从内容上讲,它言简意赅;从形式上讲,它整齐匀称;
从语音上讲,它顺口悦耳。
? 汉语成语有百分之九十七采用四字格,这完全是从四字格的优点出发的。
? 有不少成语原先并未采用四字格,但在其历史的发展过程中,通过由繁化简或由简化
繁的途径,都朝四字格这一形式靠拢。
? 由繁化简的汉语成语有:
? “人言可畏”(由 “人之多言,亦可畏也”发展而来), ? “集思广益”(由 “集众思,广忠益”发展而来), ? “青出于蓝”(由 “青,取之于蓝而胜于蓝”发展而来)。 ? 由简化繁的汉语成语有:
? “ 披荆斩棘”(由 “披荆棘”发展而来), ? “赴汤蹈火”(由 “赴汤火”发展而来), ? “短兵相接”(由 “短兵接”发展而来)。
? 普通的五字词语和三字词语,在不影响意义表达的情况下,也经常用四字格取而代之: ? “振笔疾书”(说 “振起笔疾书”的效果就差), ? “满脸堆笑”(“满脸堆着笑”就不好), ? “ 洗劫一空”(“洗劫空”没力量), ? “趁人之危”(“趁人危”缺乏音乐美感)。
? 四字格的运用可使文章增添不少生花之笔。一篇译文恰到好处地用一些四字格,可
让人读起来抑扬顿挫,起落跌宕,可以享受到语音上的和谐美感。这种通过增强音感给人留下深刻印象的效果,是普通的二字词组、三字词组或五字词组、六字词组所不能做到的。在忠实于原文的基础上,发挥译文语言优势,运用四字格是应该加以提倡的。
? 1)Eisenhower later recalled,when MacArthur felt slighted he was
capable of expressing himself in “an explosive denunciation of politics,bad manners, bad judgment, broken promise, arrogance, unconstitutionality, insensitivity, and the way the world had gone to hell.” (W. Manchester:The Glory and the Dream)
? 艾森豪威尔后来回忆往事时说,只要麦克阿瑟感到有人对他不够尊重,就“发起脾气
来,破口大骂人家好耍权术,不懂礼貌,乱出主意,出尔反尔,狂妄自大,违反宪法,神经迟钝,麻木不仁,如今世道真是见鬼,等等。”
? 2) Wartime Marseilles was such a bubbling stew of political
double-dealing,financial corruption,racial and nationalist crisscrossings, refugee agonies,and tragedies,and Mediterranean finagling dating back to Phoenician times,that compared to Gaither’s daily grind,melodramas and spy yarns paled. (Herman Wouk:War and Remembrance)
? 战争年头的马赛本来就已成一锅上下翻腾的大杂烩:政治上狗苟蝇营,钱财上的巧
取豪夺,种族和国籍的混淆纠缠,离乡背井的难民们的苦难和悲剧,以及从腓尼基人时代以来就已盛行在地中海沿岸的尔虞我诈、勾心斗角,所以和盖瑟的例行公事相比起来,什么离奇曲折的剧情和阴险诡谲的故事都要黯然失色。
? The mayor of Toledo said in 1932: “I have seen thousands of these
defeated,discouraged,hopeless men and women, cringing and fawning as they come to ask for public aid. It is a spectacle of national degradation.” ( W. Manchester: The Glory and the Dream)
? 托莱多市长在一九三二年说过:“ 我见到数千万遭受了挫折的、 失去了信心和希望的男人和女人又奉承又乞怜地 前来请求救济。这么一个情景 给国家丢了脸。”
? 托莱多市长在一九三二年说过:“ 我见到成千上万 的山穷水尽 、 灰心绝望 的男男女女 前来请求救济。他们低声下气 ,苦苦哀求。此情此景 ,真是丢尽了美国的脸。”
? To Henry Kissinger,for whose wise counsel and dedicated services far
beyond the call of duty I shall always remain grateful. From his friend,Richard Nixon
? 赠给亨利·基辛格:
? 你总能献出英明的计策,用全部心血进行忘我的工作,积极承担份外的事务,我为此将永远感激你。
?
你的朋友:理查德·尼克松
? 赠言亨利·基辛格 ? ? ?
善进良策 献身尔职 逾于所司 永志不渝 你的朋友:理查德·尼克松
? The girls were all smiles on hearing the good news. ? 姑娘们听到这个好消息都满脸堆笑。 ? 听到这个好消息,姑娘们个个笑逐颜开 。
? Louisa (a peasant girl ):As you have come to my home,I feel greatly
honoured.
? 路易莎(一位农家姑娘):大驾光临,不胜荣幸 ! ? 您来我家,我真是太高兴了 !
? In the savage fighting, Germany itself was laid waste, the towns and
countryside were devastated and ravished,the people decimated. (W. Manchester:The Glory and the Dream)
? 德国全境 受到了野蛮战争 的洗劫,市廛萧条 ,田野荒芜 ,生灵涂炭 ,十室九空 。
(廛chan2 ) ? Drew Pearson,a thirty-four-year-old reporter, described them as “ragged,weary, and apathetic,” with “no hope on their faces.”(Ibid.)
? 有一位三十四岁的记者,名叫德鲁·皮尔逊,他描写那些退伍军人,说是 “衣衫褴褛,
筋疲力尽,神情木然,满脸愁容。” ? One of Major Eisenhower’s friends was Brigadier George Moseley,
whom Eisenhower later described as “a brilliant” and “dynamic” officer “always delving into new ideas.”(Ibid.)
? 陆军准将乔治·莫斯利是艾森豪威尔少校的朋友。艾森豪威尔后来说他是个 “才气横
溢”、“生气勃勃”、“富于创见”的人。
? He was canny,openhanded,brisk,candid,and modest. (Ibid.) ? 他为人聪明大方 ,生气勃勃 ,忠厚耿直 ,谦虚谨慎 。
? The Presidency has survived hard times and ordinary men before.
(Newsweek,Jan. 26,1981)
? 总统其职,真是历尽艰难时代,淘汰尽平庸之辈。
? I repair to the enchanted house,where there are lights,chattering,music, flowers, officers and the eldest Miss Larkins,a blaze of beauty. (Charles Dickens:David Copperfield)
? 我现在朝着那家仙宫神宇走去,那儿灯火辉煌、人语嘈杂、乐音悠扬、花草缤纷、军官纷来,还有拉钦斯大小姐,真是仪态万千。 ? There were a few middle-aged and even elderly women in the train, their
silver-wiry hair and wrinkled faces, scourged by time and trouble, having almost a grotesque, certainly a pathetic, appearance in such a jaunty situation. (Thomas Hardy:Tess of the D’Urbervilles)
? 游行队伍里的妇女,有几位中年的,甚至还有几位上了年纪的;她们都饱经风霜,受尽磨难,一头白发,满脸皱纹,却也夹在这种轻快活泼的队伍里,让人觉得几乎不伦不类,毫无疑问十分可怜可叹。 ? Dairyman Crick’s household of maids and men lived on comfortably, placidly,
even merrily. (Ibid.)
? 克里克老板牛奶厂里的男男女女,都过得舒舒服服、平平静静,甚至于还嬉嬉笑笑、闹闹嚷嚷。
? On this battle rests the fate of our nation. Let every man do his utmost. ? 民族存亡在此一战。凡我士兵务必全力奋战。
? They bluntly told him that their governments intended to break their
covenants. In spite of their pledged word, they would not march; either the Czechs would capitulate to the Nazi dictator or they would be left to fight alone. (Ibid.)
? 他们直截了当地告诉他,英法两国要弃盟背约了。虽然有约在先,可是现在他们决不
出兵,捷克要么向德国独裁者屈膝投降,要么孤军抗战。 ? A Czech communiqué explained to the world: “We had no choice, because we
were left alone.” Benes said, “we have been basely betrayed.” (Ibid.)
? 捷克发表公报对全世界说:“我们别无出路,因为孤立无援。” 贝奈斯说,“有人卑鄙无耻,把我们出卖了。” ? His face was neither bright nor dark, neither alive nor dead, neither ready nor
resigned. (Ray Bradbury:The Vacation)
? (不能译作“不阴不阳、不死不活、不卑不亢”)
? 他的模样,既非精神焕发,亦非忧郁不堪;既非生气勃勃,亦非死气沉沉;既非敢想敢做,亦非逆来顺受。 ? Men and women hurried by in long, shifting lines. (Theodore Dreiser:Sister
Carrie)
? 男男女女,熙熙攘攘,络绎不绝。

