领航教育2012中考英语第二轮专项复习(二)
词汇知识
注:此部分包含了英语词汇单复数、比较级、过去式以及常见单词等多个方面的内容,在中考试题中占10分以上,考查内容也相对简单,望同学们引起足够重视。
一、名词单复数
1)一般情况下,在词尾加-s.例如:bags,maps,pens,desks,workers
2)名词以[s],[z],[],[t],[d]等音结尾在其后加-es,如词尾已有e,只加-s。如:clothes,boxes,buses,horses,watches,dishes
3)名词以-f或-fe结尾的,把-f或-fe变成-ves.如:bookshelves,wives,knives
4)名词以辅音+y结尾的,变y为i,再加es。如:cities,babies,factories.
5)名词以原音+y结尾的,直接加s。如:play-plays;boy-boys
6)名词以辅音+o结尾的,加-es,变为复数形式。如:heroes,potatoes,tomatoes
注意:极少数名词虽然以-o或者-f结尾,变成复数则只加-s,为数不多,如radios pianos photos roofs等。7)英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有,man–men;woman–women;foot-feet;tooth–teeth;mouse–nice;sheep–sheep;dear–dear;fish–fish。
8)英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。比如:scissors剪刀goods货物trousers裤子clothes衣服glasses 玻璃杯
9)如果名词是以sh,ch,s或x结尾的话,那就要在单数的后面加上es。如:match-matches;box-boxes 10)当单数名词的结尾是f或fe时,复数的写法就是将f改为v,再加es。如:thief-thieves;leaf-leaves 可是,f结尾的单数字,有许多只需加个s就成复数roof-roofs;chief-chiefs
11)结尾是o的单数词,一部份只加s就成复数词,但有的却需加es。
piano-pianos;photo-photos;bamboo-bamboos
初中阶段,以o结尾的单词加es的只有四个:
Hero-heroes;tomato-tomatoes;potato-potatoes;negro-negroes黑人
12)由于古老传统的原因,一些单数词得加en(ren)才能变成复数词(鬼知道是什么原因):
Child-children(你看,这个就不守规矩了,不是加en,是ren呀)
13)一些单数词得改头换面一番,才能变成复数词的哦:
foot-feet;man-men;mouse-mice;tooth-teeth;woman-women
14)有些名词是单数、复数不分的。deer;fish;sheep
15)一些名词虽分单数、复数,但出现次数多的总是单数词:clothing;film;help;furniture家具;news;traffic交通。
附:名词复数的不规则变化
1)child---children;foot---feet;tooth---teeth;mouse---mice;man---men;woman---women
注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。
如:an Englishman,two Englishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形如:
deer,sheep,fish,cattle,deer,salmon,Chinese,Japanese
但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a dollar,two dollars;a meter,two meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
如:people police cattle等本身就是复数,不能说a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说
a person,a policeman,a head of cattle
the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。
如:The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
b.news是不可数名词。
c.the United States,the United Nations应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。
5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)trousers,clothes
若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套);a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers
6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼二、基数词变序数词
解析:one→first,two→second,three→third
要单独记;eight→eighth,nine→ninth,八去t,九去e后再加-th;
five→fifth,twelve→twelfth,五、十二把ve换成f再加-th;
twenty→twentieth,thirty→thirtieth
三、人称代词的变化:
I you he she they
my your his her their our
me you him her them us
myself yourself himself herself themselves ourselves
四、形容词比较级的变化:
形容词的比较级是在形容词的基础上变化而来的,它的变化规则是:
①一般的直接在词尾加er,如tall-taller,strong-stronger,
②以e结尾的,直接加r,如fine–finer,
③以辅音字母加y结尾的,先改y为i再加er,如funny-funnier
④双写最后的字母再加er,如big–bigger,thin–thinner,hot–hotter
除此之外,还有几个特殊的单词,它的比较级和最高级都是不规则的,如:
many/much(原形)–more(比较级)–most(最高级)
little/few(原形)–less(比较级)–least(最高级)
good(原形)–better(比较级)–best(最高级)
bad(原形)–worse(比较级)–worst(最高级)
far(原形)–further–furthest
附加:形容词的最高级变化类似于比较级,只是把词尾的er改成est,如:
tall(原形)-taller(比较级)-tallest(最高级)
long(原形)-longer(比较级)-longest(最高级)
big(原形)-bigger(比较级)-biggest(最高级)
五、名词/动词变ing或ed规则:
1.一般情况下,在动词后加-ing或-ed构成:
work→working工作sleep→sleeping睡wait→waiting等待
study→studying学习read→reading读talk→talking谈话
2.不发音的-e结尾的动词去掉e后再加-ing:
smile→smiling微笑move→moving write→writing写
但是,若是发音的e结尾,则不能去e:
see→seeing看见agree→agreeing同意
3.以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing:sit→sitting坐plan→planning计划prefer→preferring宁愿
4.以字母ie结尾的动词,通常将ie改为y,再加ing:
die→dying死lie→lying躺
六、动词的第三人称单数形式
1.一般情况下,加s
2.以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的动词,加es:uses,mixes,watches(看),washes,goes等等。
3.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,加es:carry——carries.
4.不规则的。如:have(has)等。
附:
注:其他词汇知识请认真熟记《中考英语大纲必备词汇(领航版)》。
【强化训练】
一、按括号内的要求写出下列单词的相应形式:
1.tooth(复数)________
2.begin(现在分词)_________
3.twelve(序数词)_________
4.die(名词)_______
5.bad(最高级)_______
6.they(反身代词)__________
7.hurt(过去分词)_________
8.health(名
词)________
9.sheep(复数)__________10.stop(过去式)____________11.agree(反义词)__________12.well(比较级)_______
13.tomato(复数)_________14.hero(复数)____________15.lie(现在分词)___________16.you(宾格)_____________
17.begin(过去分词)_______18.spend(过去式)________19.die(现在分词)________20.drink(过去式)_________
二、根据句义和所给出的单词汉语意思或首字母提示写出相应的单词或词组。
1.The first day of a week is S_________.
2.I go to school________(步行)every day.
3.The dictionary is__________(有帮助的)to your study.
4.This pen must b______to Xiao Ming because his name is on it.
5.The coat is very expensive.It c______my mother500yuan.
6.You must do morning exercises every day to keep h_________.
7.I________(过去常常)watch TV a lot.But now I have no time.
8.Don’t_________(嘲笑)others in trouble.It’s impolite.
9._________(没有)your help,I couldn’t finish the work on time.
10.Study hard,or you can’t____________(赶上)your classmates.
11.(新题型)I am not joking.I am________['s?r??s]
12.Look!The street is covered with fallen_________(树叶).
13.The________(高度)of Mount Tai is about1,532meters.
14.(新题型)He had an exciting___________[?k'sp?r??ns]in Japan last year.
15.Listening to music is a way of_________(放松)yourself.
16.It’s hard to________(想象)how they can improve English so quickly.
17.The pandas live happily in the________(自然)reserve(保护区).
18.David________(穿着)an old coat every day,looking very strange.
19.The two football team’s f________(最后)score was4-2.
20.My classmates are getting_______for the party.
21.We shouldn’t spit(吐痰)in p________places.
22.We are going to Beijing d_________(在…期间)our holidays.
知识积累在平时,各位同学加油!